NCFE LEVEL 2 UNIT 2 Essay - 733 Words

UNIT 2 1.1 My duties and responsibilities as a support worker are maintaining a high standard of care be it in personal hygiene, assistance with laundry and so on. Maintaining confidentiality and keeping records. Reporting immediately any incidents that may occur. Participating in courses that might help me improve my care. Being supportive and empathic towards everyone. 1.2 Maintaining trust and confidence in the patients by respecting the confidentiality norms. This is in protecting the rights and promoting the interests and independence of service users. Respecting dignity, privacy, culture and religion of service users. Maintaining the trust and confidence of the service users by keeping confidential information except the one that†¦show more content†¦For example MR A doesnt like Pig meat and one time by mistake I give it to him, he notices and gets angry It is my job to learn from this mistake and to make more attention to my patients food preferences or culture/religion related diet. 3.1 Supervision is an important source of feedback and we discuss my work and how I am doing, what I am doing well and what needs to improve. Supervision feedback could be formal like in supervision meetings but also informal when talking unplanned. For example, my manager will come in, in the morning and ask ‘how did it go last night? And after explaining, she will tell me fine but next time add this to what I havent done today. My colleagues and the service users are important too for giving me feedback, for showing me what I am doing well, the areas I need to improve on and work on. 3.2 Personal development plan involves knowing the skills and knowledge I have and in what areas I need to improve on. My Development plan should be planned with my manager. 3.3 On my Personal Development Plan I would have a map of the areas I want to improve as a Social Care Worker and as a Person. I would like to be as kind as possible and to give the best service possible to my patients. 4.1 By attending courses they might help you to understand the problems my patients have and have more empathy in their regards. It would also drive you closer and develop a better relationship.Show MoreRelatedNcfe Equality Diversity Level 2 Unit 1 Essay2346 Words   |  10 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via yourRead MoreWORK BOOK Unit 13 level 2 DEM201 NCFE2382 Words   |  10 Pages................................. J/601/2874 (DEM 201)- DEMENTIA AWARENESS. Unit aim: This unit enables learners to gain knowledge of what dementia is, the different forms of dementia and how others can have an impact on the individual with dementia. Credit value-2 Level 2 This workbook covers the following elements: Learning outcomes: There are four learning outcomes to this unit- 1. Understand what dementia is 2. Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia. 3. Know the mostRead MoreWORK BOOK Unit 77 level 2 HSC 3038 NCFE Essay700 Words   |  3 Pages2014 H/601/8147 (HSC 3038)- Work in Partnership with Families to Support Individuals. Unit aim: This unit provides the learner with the knowledge and skills required to work in partnership with families to support individuals. Credit value-4 Level 3 This workbook covers the following elements: Learning outcomes: There are seven learning outcomes to this unit- 1. Understand partnership working with families 2. Be able to establish and maintain positive relationships with families 3. Be able to planRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via yourRead MoreInternal Quality Assurance2571 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Candidate Learning Log NCFE Level 4 Award in the Internal Quality Assurance of Assessment Processes and Practice 501/0889/X Candidate Name: Centre Number: Centre Name: Signatures Candidate: Date: Tutor/Assessor: Date: Internal Moderator*: Date: External Moderator*: Date: * for completion if part, or all, of the evidence has been sampled by the Internal and/or External Moderator Contents Page No. Section 1: Overview 1 Read MoreNcfe ED Unit 12827 Words   |  12 PagesNCFE Certificate in Equality and Diversity NCFE Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1 Assessment Unit 1 Assessment SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING EQUALITY SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING EQUALITY Maylia was born in Britain in 1974. Her parents were both born in Uganda but sought refugee status which they were granted in the early 1960s. Maylia has a slight accent which she has grown up with from her parents and family. Maylia was born in Britain in 1974. Her parents were both born in Uganda butRead MoreUnit 4 Equality and Diversity Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 4: Living in diverse communities Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your teacher via your MyRead MoreEquality and Diversity Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesNCFE Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor viaRead MoreExplain the Sequence and Rate of Each Aspect of Development from Birth - 19 Years1105 Words   |  5 PagesNCFE Level 3 Supporting Teaching Learning in Schools Assignment 1 26 November 2012 Page No.1 Unit 1 Child and Young Person Development Learning Outcome: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth - 19 years. Task 1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth - 19 years. The aspects of development are defined as Physical, Social Emotional, Language and Intellectual. There are different stages of developmentRead MoreThe Function of Assessment4608 Words   |  19 Pagesand development? The function of assessment is a way to measure a learner’s competence against agreed standards and criteria.    The awarding body’s assessment strategy will state which criteria needs to be met to complete the mandatory and optional units and the best method for acquiring the evidence.    A range of methods will be used to decide whether a candidate has demonstrated the skills, knowledge and understanding to be competent against the criteria.   Ã‚   The principles an assessor will need

Forrest Gump Chapter Twenty-Three Free Essays

string(140) " an my other bishop too, an was ready to finish me off with The Petroff Check, when I pulled out all the stops an set up The Pygmie Threat\." Chapter Twenty-Three So here I am, thowed in jail again. After the security feller corralled us at Giani’s, two carloads of cops come screamin up an this one cop come up to the salesman an say, â€Å"Well, what we got here?† â€Å"This one says she’s Raquel Welch,† the salesman say. â€Å"Come in here wearin a bunch of banana leaves an wouldn’t pay for the dress. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump Chapter Twenty-Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t know bout these other two – but they look pretty suspicious to me.† â€Å"I am Raquel Welch!† she shout. â€Å"Sure, lady,† the cop say. â€Å"An I am Clint Eastwood. Why don’t you go along with these two nice fellers here.† He point to a couple of other cops. â€Å"Now,† says the head cop, an he be lookin at me an Sue, â€Å"what’s your story?† â€Å"We was in a pitcher,† I says. â€Å"That why you’re wearin that creature suit?† he axe. â€Å"Yup,† I says. â€Å"An what bout him?† he say, pointin to Sue. â€Å"That’s a pretty realistic costume, if I say so myself.† â€Å"Ain’t no costume,† I says. â€Å"He’s a purebread orangutang.† â€Å"Is that so?† the cop say. â€Å"Well I’ll tell you what. We got a feller down to the station who makes pitchers, too, an he would love to get a couple of shots of you clowns. So you jus come along too – an don’t make no sudden moves.† Anyhow, Mister Tribble has got to come down an bail me out again. An Mister Felder showed up with a whole platoon of lawyers to git out Raquel Welch, who by this time is hysterical. â€Å"You jus wait!† she shriek back at me as they turnin her loose. â€Å"When I git finished, you won’t be able to find a job as a spear carrier in a nightmare!† In this, she is probly correct. It look like my movie career is over. â€Å"That’s life, baby – but I’ll call you for lunch sometime,† Mister Felder says to me as he is leavin. â€Å"We’ll send somebody by later to pick up the creature suit.† â€Å"C’mon, Forrest,† say Mister Tribble. â€Å"You and I have got other fish to fry.† Back at the hotel, Mister Tribble an me an Sue is settin in our room havin a conference. â€Å"It is going to pose a problem, with Sue here,† Mister Tribble says. â€Å"I mean, look how we had to sneak him up the stairs and everthin. It is very difficult to travel with an orangutan, we have to face that.† I tole him how I felt bout Sue, bout how he saved my ass more than once in the jungle an all. â€Å"Well, I think I understand your feelings,† he says. â€Å"And I’m willing to give it a try. But he’s going to have to behave himself, or we’ll be in trouble for sure.† â€Å"He will,† I say, an ole Sue be noddin an grinnin like a ape. Anyhow, nex day is the big chess match between me an the International Grand Master Ivan Petrokivitch, also known as Honest Ivan. Mister Tribble have taken me to a clothes store an rented me a tuxedo on account of this is to be a big fashionable deal, an a lot of muckity-mucks will be on han. Furthermore, the winner will get ten thousan dollars, an my haf of that ought to be enough to get me started in the srimp bidness, so I cannot afford to make no mistakes. Well, we get to the hall where the chess game is to take place an there is bout a thousan people millin aroun an already settin at the table is Honest Ivan, glarin at me like he’s Muhammad Ali or somebody. Honest Ivan is a big ole Russian feller with a high forehead, jus like the Frankenstein monster, an long black curly hair such as you might see on a violin player. When I go up an set down, he grunt somethin at me an then another feller say, â€Å"Let the match begin,† an that was it. Honest Ivan is got the white team an he get to make the first move, startin with somethin call The Ponziani Opening. I move nex, using The Reti Opening, an everthin is goin pretty smooth. Each of us make a couple of more moves, then Honest Ivan try somethin known as The Falkbeer Gambit, movin his knight aroun to see if he can take my rook. But I seed that comin, an set up somethin called The Noah’s Ark Trap, an got his knight instead. Honest Ivan ain’t lookin none too happy but he seem to take it in stride an employed The Tarrasch Threat to menace my bishop. I ain’t havin none of that, tho, an I thowed up The Queen’s Indian Defense an that force him to use The Schevenigen Variation, which lead me to utilize The Benoni Counter. Honest Ivan appear to be somewhat frustrated, an was twistin his fingers an bitin on his lower lip, an then he done tried a desperation move – The Fried Liver Attack – to which I applied Alekhine’s Defense an stopped his ass cold. It look for a wile like it gonna be a stalemate, but Honest Ivan, he went an applied The Hoffman Maneuver an broke out! I look over at Mister Tribble, an he sort of smile at me, an he move his lips an mouth the word â€Å"Now,† an I knowed what he mean. You see, they was a couple of tricks Big Sam taught me in the jungle that was not in the book an now was the time to use them – namely, The Cookin Pot Variation of The Coconut Gambit, in which I use my queen as bait an sucker that bastid into riskin his knight to take her. Unfortunately, it didn’t work. Honest Ivan must of seen that comin an he snapped up my queen an now my ass is in trouble! Nex I pull somethin called The Grass Hut Ploy, in which I stick my last rook out on a limb to fool him, but he wadn’t fooled. Took my rook an my other bishop too, an was ready to finish me off with The Petroff Check, when I pulled out all the stops an set up The Pygmie Threat. You read "Forrest Gump Chapter Twenty-Three" in category "Essay examples" Now the Pygmie Threat was one of Big Sam’s specialties, an he had taught it to me real good. It depends a lot on suprise an usin several other pieces as bait, but if a feller falls victim to The Pygmie Threat, he might as well hang up his jockstrap an go on home. I was hopin an prayin it woud work, cause if it didn’t, I ain’t got no more bright ideas an I’m just about done for already. Well, Honest Ivan, he grunt a couple of times an pick up his knight to move it to square eight, which meant that he would be suckered in by The Pygmie Threat an in two more moves I would have him in check an he would be powerless to do anythin about it! But Honest Ivan must of smelt somethin fishy, cause he moved that piece from square five to square eight an back again nine or ten times, never takin his han off it, which would have meant the move was final. The crowd was so quiet you coulda heard a pin drop, an I am so nervous an excited I am bout to bust. I look over an Mister Tribble is rollin his eyes up in the air like he’s prayin an a feller what come with Honest Ivan is scowlin an lookin sour. Honest Ivan move the piece back to square eight two or three more times, but always he put it back on square five. Finally, it look like he gonna do somethin else, but then he lif up the piece one more time an have it hoverin above square eight an I be holdin my breath an the room is quiet as a tomb. Honest Ivan still be hoverin with the piece an my heart is beatin like a drum, an all of a sudden he look straight at me – an I don’t know what happened, I guess I was so excited an all – but suddenly I cut a humongus baked-bean fart that sound like somebody is rippin a bedsheet in haf! Honest Ivan get a look of suprise on his face, an then he suddenly drop his chess piece an thowed up his hans an say, â€Å"Uggh!† an start fannin the air an coughin an holdin his nose. Folks standin aroun us begun to move back an was mumblin an takin out they handkerchiefs an all, an I am so red in the face I look like a tomato. But when it all settle down again, I look at the chessboard an damn if Honest Ivan ain’t lef his piece right on square eight. So I reached out an snap it up with my knight, an then I grapped two of his pawns an his queen an finally his king – checkmate! I done won the match an the five thousan dollars! The Pygmie Threat done come thru again. All the wile, Honest Ivan be makin loud gestures an protestin an all an him an the feller that come with him immediately file a formal complaint against me. The guy in charge of the tournament be thumbin thru his rule book till he come to where it say, â€Å"No player shall knowingly engage in conduct that is distractive to another player while a game is in progress.† Mister Tribble step up an say, â€Å"Well, I don’t think you can prove that my man did what he did knowingly. It was a sort of involuntary thing.† Then the tournament director thumb thru his book some more, an come to where it say, â€Å"No player shall behave in a manner that is rude or offensive to his opponent.† â€Å"Listen,† Mister Tribble say, â€Å"haven’t you ever had the need to break wind? Forrest didn’t mean anything by it. He’s been sitting there a long time.† â€Å"I don’t know,† the tournament director say, â€Å"on the face of it, I think I’m going to have to disqualify him.† â€Å"Well can’t you give him another chance at least?† Mister Tribble axed. The tournament director scratched his chin for a minute. â€Å"Well, perhaps,† he say, â€Å"but he is gonna have to contain hissef because we cannot tolerate this sort of thing here, you know?† An so it was beginnin to look like I might be allowed to finish the game, but all of a sudden they is a big commotion at one end of the room, an ladies are screaming an shrieking an all an then I look up an here come ole Sue, swingin towards me on a chandelier. Jus as the chandelier got overhead Sue let go an dropped right on top of the chessboard, scatterin all the pieces in a dozen directions. Honest Ivan fell over backwards across a chair an on the way down ripped haf the dress off a fat lady that looked like a advertisement for a jewelry store. She commenced to flailin an hollerin an smacked the tournament director in the nose an Sue was jumpin up an down an chatterin an everbody is in a panic, stompin an stumblin an shoutin to call the police. Mister Tribble grapped me by the arm an say, â€Å"Let’s get out of here, Forrest – you have already seen enough of the police in this town.† This I coud not deny. Well, we get on back to the hotel, an Mister Tribble say we got to have another conference. â€Å"Forrest,† he say, â€Å"I just do not believe this is going to work out anymore. You can play chess like a dream, but things have gotten too complicated otherwise. All that stuff that went on this afternoon was, well, to put it mildly, it was bizarre.† I am noddin an ole Sue is lookin pretty sorrowful too. â€Å"So, I’ll tell you what I’m going to do. You’re a good boy, Forrest, and I can’t leave you stranded out here in California, so I am going to arrange for you and Sue to get back to Alabama or wherever it is you came from. I know you need a little grubstake to start your shrimp business, and your share of the winnings, after I deduct expenses, comes to a little under five thousand dollars.† Mister Tribble hand me a envelope an when I look inside it, there is a bunch of hundrit dollar bills. â€Å"I wish you all the best in your venture,† he say. Mister Tribble phone for a taxicab an got us to the railroad station. He has also arranged for Sue to ride in the baggage car in a crate, and says I can go back there an visit with him an take him food an water when I want. They brung out the crate an Sue got on inside it an they took him off. â€Å"Well, good luck, Forrest,† Mister Tribble say, an he shake my han. â€Å"Here’s my card – so stay in touch and let me know how it’s going, okay?† I took the card an shook his han again an was sorry to be leavin cause Mister Tribble was a very nice man, an I had let him down. I was settin in my seat on the train, lookin out the winder, an Mister Tribble was still standin on the platform. Jus as the train pulled out, he raised up his han at me an waved goodbye. So off I went again, an for a long time that night my head was full of dreams – of going back home again, of my mama, of po ole Bubba an of the srimp bidness an, of course, of Jenny Curran too. More than anythin in the world, I wished I were not such a loony tune. How to cite Forrest Gump Chapter Twenty-Three, Essay examples

The labour market influence in the determination of pay

In labour economics, the techniques used to manage pay is of great significance in the conduct of workplace affairs. The payment of labour is fundamental in moulding the relationship between employers and employee (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007, p. 217).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The labour market influence in the determination of pay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, it is the most visible focal point of all concerns related to labour. It is against this back drop that employers have devised various value propositions in fixing pay for their employees. The pay-fixing strategies have undergone notable transformations in the latter years (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007, p. 576). Needless to say, this has fairly weakened the influence of labour unions bearing in mind that competitive pressures have become intense and globalised. Nonetheless, it is imperative to mention that the cost of labour is pay and consequently it would cover wider terrains of market force that than the influence brought about by a unit employer (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007, p. 9). To be precise, pay can be described as the primary compensation for labour done within a given period of time. From the background of conventional economic theory, there is a conspicuous denial that employers do not have any defined role in setting up pay standards. However, it is commonplace for similar firms operating within the same geographical environment and market conditions to offer varying wages to their employees, which can only be explained by the fact there are other factors that determine pay other than the internal mechanics of a firm (Baumol Blinder, 2007, p.165). This paper explores the extent at which the labour market determines pay with cross reference to organisational behaviour patterns within a firm as well as the impact of state regulation on wage standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see i f we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Labour remains as one of the most fundamental factors of production (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007, p.208). In labour economics, it is perceived to be a derived demand in the sense that it is critically required in the process of production, not just an intermediary component. In any case, revenue generation and profitability of a business organisation is largely dependent on labour input. Moreover, the Marginal Revenue Product will quite often determine the need for surplus labour whenever required by a firm (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007, p. 638). In addition, the marginal cost of an employee is yet another determinant whether additional labour will be required by a firm or not (White, 2002). For example, a firm can only retain a certain number of workers above which it will cease to be profitable. In order to obtain the right computation of the Marginal Revenue Product, the product between the cost price of the either goo d or service at the end of production and the Marginal Physical product of the employee is calculated (Baumol Blinder, 2007, p.165). If the firm’s Marginal Cost is less than the Marginal Revenue Product, then the business enterprise will be at liberty to hire an additional worker since it will boost profitability. Nevertheless, hiring of additional labour force can be effected by the firm up to a mark when the two margins are congruent to each other (Baumol Blinder, 2007, p.167). Hence, according to economic theory, the labour market will be considered saturated when the hiring firms have attained the mark whereby the Marginal Revenue product is equal to the Marginal Cost (Baumol Blinder, 2007, p.169). It is sometimes pragmatically cumbersome to equalize pay among employees in a given firm. This has been found to be notably common in labour markets that are partly or fully resilient or mixed altogether (Kessler Purcel, 1992, pp.23-24).Advertising We will write a cust om essay sample on The labour market influence in the determination of pay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, if a doctor and a security officer are hired by the National Health Service, their pay will definitely differ by a great deal although working in the same firm (Kessler Purcel, 1992, pp.18-21). There are myriad of factors that can be used to explain this phenomenon. A security officer has a far lower Marginal Revenue Product than a doctor. Moreover, becoming a security officer has less barriers compared to the process of becoming a doctor. The training of a doctor is not only time and resource consuming; it also demands the right intellectual capability and tolerance for an individual to succeed in that profession (Crail, 2006). It is the interdependence of the three forms of capital that the pay as well as Marginal Revenue Product will be affected within and between different geographical locations. Likewise, the movement of any of the three types of capital among different countries will result into capital mobility which refers to the ease with which money can flow in and out of an economy or across various national borders. (Elmore, 2003). At this juncture, it is vital to explore the two major pathways through which the labour markets can determine pay. Both the microeconomic and macroeconomic elements of a labour market can determine how much employees are paid on labour offered. Both the individual employees and the specific firms themselves are believed to play their unique roles in shaping pay standards in the labour market (Ironside Seifert, 1995, pp. 38-44). The application of microeconomics in a labour market can be used to explain this relationship (Brown, 2009). A government can play momentous role in regulating the pay rate to workers at different levels. In order to achieve this type of regulation, a state can set up base lines for two types of pay namely the minimum and the living wage (Dennis, 2005, p.35).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In either case, periodic time standards within which certain pay rates should be implemented to workers are stipulate by a government. In United Kingdom, for instance, a National Minimum Wage Act was enforced way back in 1998 (Anker, 2006). Many other countries especially in the developed world have already adopted minimum wage standards for workers (Steifert, 1992). In some cases, a living wage has been embraced by some firms (Dennis, 2005, pp.29-33). There is need to distinguish between minimum wage and living wage as applied in various work environments. In most accepted and well documented statutory definitions, the term minimum wage is mainly applicable to labourers who are either skilled or semi-skilled. Different countries across the world have distinct minimum wage stipulations based on the economic performance as well as the cost and standards of living (Locke, Amengual Mangla, 2009). First, a living wage is primarily a basic pay awarded to workers so that they can be able to adequately meet their daily needs (Brown, 2009, pp.102-106). A living wage ensures that an individual is in a position to provide for basic needs and wants that are acceptable to the normal standard of living. For instance, a living age should be able to cater for food, education, healthcare as well as other expenses such as the cost of commuting. Most governments would demand companies and organisations to pay workers some minimum wage so that they can be in a position to foot various expenses even as they deliver their services on a day-to-day basis (Welfare, 2006). On the other hand, a minimum wage refers to a fixed pay stipulated by a government or other employee welfare agencies that employers are supposed to pay their workers. The authority charged with the duty of fixing a minimum wage must be legally instituted so that it can enforce its mandate through a legal pursuit especially in cases where employers flout regulations. This least amount of wage that may be awarded to workers can also be put in place by a formal agreement between the employer and other interested parties such as workers themselves or labour unions (Anker, 2006, p. 324). In addition, a minimum wage can affect either the whole state or a specific group of workers. Although most legal provisions on minimum wage are often binding to employee groups, there are certain occupations which may not be required to abide by these regulations. For example, employees in the service and agricultural sector in United States are exempted from the minimum wage conditions. Further, minimum wage varies from country to country (Anker, 2006, pp.316-319). On the same note, a commensurate wage may be paid to employees who have special physical or mental needs. This may still be classified as minimum wage payable to people with disabilities. It is imperative to note that each worker has a unique ability and performance at work regardless of the disability. Hence, the commensurate wage which acts as the minimum wage for the disabled may not be uniform across the board. Moreover, this wage is also dependent on the geographical setting and the status of the economy from which the workforce is derived (Lipsey Chrystal, 2007). The legal framework governing the living wage principally differs from those regulating minimum wage. One outstanding feature of a living wage is that in most cases, the coverage of its legality may affect only a small fraction of the workforce contrary to the minimum wage whose provisions affect a larger population. The living wage laws mostly affect specific group of workers in given organizations so that they can afford both basic and secondary needs (Ironside Seifert, 1995). In addition, a living wage is often used in some countries to calculate poverty index while the minimum wage cannot be used for such purposes. Hence, it goes without saying that the two types of wages are related but completely different from each other. In order to further create a viv id distinction between minimum wage and living wage, it is pertinent to investigate the effects brought about by both types of wages (Industrial Relations Services, 2002). In real practice, low income workers can practically benefit when the living wage is implemented at their place of work. In line with this, the urban poverty index can be lowered substantially whenever this ordinance is implemented, bearing in mind that it caters for a larger population of workers than the minimum wage (Koshiro, 1992). Although the typical low income earners are the beneficiaries of this type of wage, it may lead to lack of efficiency in companies during periods of recession In addition; firms which are still at their infancy stage may be unfavoured economically by the seemingly high spending on wages contrary to the revenue generated (Procter et al., 1993). Worse still, when minimum wage is followed to the letter, it has the potential to trigger inflation, which may usher in tough times for worke rs since their pay may be maintained to the minimal due to hard economic times (Adam, 2005, p.31). Therefore, as much as a government may determine workers’ pay through legal provisions as mentioned above, it may be not be a very strong and independent variable in wage setting compared the labour markets (Income data services, 2001). Notwithstanding state regulation on pay rates for employees, collective bargaining and agreements between workers and labour unions can curtail pay within the comfort of both the firm and workers. A firm is primarily defined as a business enterprise formulated to specifically supply goods and/or services to end users. It may be publicly or privately owned and its main purpose is revenue generation. There are myriad of labour theories that are integral to firms. For example, the concept that pay rates will differ across firms is expounded in classical view theory (Dennis, 2005). It elaborates that marginal productivity and pay rates will reflect e ach other since different firms have access to various amenities that results into variation in the amount paid to workers. According to the efficiency wage view, workers who are not duly supervised at workplace are more likely to be offered higher pay than those who are continually monitored. Moreover, pay variations across different firms is also occasioned by inequality in unionization rates according to the labour market theory. Modern policy debate on role of a firm in setting pay standards is largely dominated by the neo-classical theory of the firm. Wage equalization is a possible occurrence in any firm when this theory is applied in labour market. However, the theory can only work in an ideal market situation where several factors have been held constant. For instance, the theory requires a free or liberalized market (Egan, 2004). There should be no state regulation whatsoever. Market response by consumers should be self-driven and void of any statutory interference. The 191 6-1918 Whitley Committee proposed quite a number of recommendations that would seek to not only recognize labour unions but also strengthen their roles as part of building viable industrial relations. The principles adopted thereafter came to be known as Whitleyism (Steifert, 1992, pp.212-216). The fundamentals of extensive industrial bargaining were thereafter adopted. Since then, collective bargaining on workers’ pay has been done through trade unions. Indeed, Whitleyism has been very instrumental in setting up pay standards in various industries. The Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) is an important parameter that can be used in the determination of pay standards (Brown, 2009, p.12). This survey provides data on earnings make up as well as the hourly distribution relative to the pay levels of workers spread across various regions and job categories. Hence, the government can make use of ASHE in setting up the minimum wage in various industries. Events within a fir m can, in practice, lead to marked differences in wages. One cause for such differences is the organizational behavior of policy and decision makers running a firm. On the same note, a firm can adjust its worker wages due to market failures occasioned by external factors such as inflation and decline in demand. On the other hand, a worker may stand out in the labour market irrespective of the internal actions of decision makers within a firm (ACAS, 2011). Through human capital theory, an employee who has advanced education and training will likely receive higher wages than the colleagues who are not. Besides, an employee with a unique talent will be part of a non-competing group since it is impossible to train individuals to acquire the very talent. As a result, the employee will most likely stand a higher chance of receiving higher pay than others. When employees tend to defend the territory of their jobs, it is referred to as balkanization. They can achieve this by acquiring highe r qualifications or using gender, legal, race or cultural barriers. Over and above the aforementioned pay determinants in a firm, differences in wages may also result from working skills and experience gained by an employee. Workers with higher skills and better working experience are competitive in the labour market. Moreover, the nature of the responsibility or job description assigned to an employee by a firm will determine the pay rate. Lighter and more direct responsibilities will more likely attract meager pay from the labour market (Kessler Purcel, 1992). Furthermore, the effort needed to discharge a given responsibility is yet another consideration when setting wage standards within a firm. The aggregate pay will also be affected by the rate of unemployment. Realistically, the initial phase of most wage setting is bargaining. Thos may take place between the employer and employee or between a labour union and employer. In whichever case, the bargaining power of workers is ad versely affected and further weakened by higher unemployment index. Workers are compelled to accept lower pay since the labour market is saturated with job seekers. As a consequence, firms will pay remunerate their workers poorly by taking advantage of the situation (Adam, 2005, pp.32-33). Worse still, the contracted workers will be willing and ready to work in spite of the lower pay since they do not have any alternative. According to ACAS definition, job evaluation refers to how much a particular job is worth within workplace (Egan, 2004, pp.9-10). It is a consistent approach whereby a ranking process is used to categorise various jobs based on the relative demand placed on a particular job by an employee. Hence, job evaluation assists in setting up a benchmark for a grading structure that is not only orderly but also fair enough. Moreover, the job evaluation procedure permits the selection of benchmarks whereby individual jobs are ranked in terms of their relative value. In order to carry out an effective job evaluation, a factor plan is necessary. These are components that are necessary when evaluating jobs. When job evaluation is implemented to the letter, it is possible to set up benchmarks that can be used to determine pay (Egan, 2004, pp.12-13). For instance, the relative value attached to a given job can be used to set up pay standards since it is both a system and structure used to determine pay. In summing up, it is imperative to reiterate that the extent to which labour market determines pay can only be evaluated when other market forces such as state regulation and internal firm mechanics are analysed. The labour market is in itself a derived demand since the process of production cannot take off without its inclusion. Besides, profitability of a firm is a direct function of labour. Hence, whenever a firm requires additional labour, the Marginal Revenue Product and the Marginal Cost ought to be compared. When the two components are balanced, then a firm can no longer hire additional employees. These are strong labour market imperatives that can explain why the labour market is a major pay determinant. On the other hand, a government can set up the minimum wage for workers within different categories. Hiring firms are then supposed to comply with the pay standards according to the set laws. A case example is the United Kingdom which enacted the National Minimum Wage for its citizens. In some cases, governments and individual firms may set a living wage for a certain segment of workers. Finally, determination of pay can be effected by a firm. For example, the decision making organ of a firm may opt to set pay standard that is consistent with the goals and objectives of the firm. Besides, the level of experience, skills and competences can elevate the wage level of a worker. Moreover, the application of the human capital theory whereby a worker has undergone further education and training may also determine the pay standard for that employee. Meanwhile, out of the three elements, the labour market remains to be the one single most determining factor when setting up wage standards. References Adam, G. (2005). Pay 4 performances at Yorkshire Water, IRS employment review, 833: 31-35. ACAS (2011). â€Å"Job evaluation: considerations and risks†. Retrieved from http://www.acas.org.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=922p=0 Anker, R. (2006). Living wages around the world: A new methodology and internationally comparable estimates, Imitational Labour Review, 145(4): 309- 337. Attwood, S. (2005). â€Å"Building a Reward strategy†, IRS Employment Review, 823: 31- 35. Baumol, J.W. Blinder, A.S. (2007). â€Å"Microeconomics: Principles and Policy†, Oxon: Thomson-Southwestern. Brown, A.W. (2009). â€Å"The process of fixing the British national minimum wage, 1997- 2007†, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Crail, M. (2006). â€Å"All Human Life is here†, IRS Employment Review, 855: 19-21 . Dennis, S. (2005). â€Å"The national minimum wage stamping out low pay†, Employment Review, (816): 29-36. Egan, J. (2004). â€Å"Putting job evaluation to work: tips from the frontline†, Employment Review, (792): 8-15. Elmore, A. (2003). Living Wage Laws and Communities; Smarter Academic Development, Lower Than Expected Costs. New York: Brennan Center for Justice, New York University. Income data services (2001). â€Å"Case studies†, IDS studies, 7(05): 8-18. Industrial Relations Services (2002). â€Å"Public sector pay in 2002/03†, IBS employment Review (766): 17-26. Ironside, M. Seifert, R. (1995). â€Å"Pay and pay determination†, Industrial relations in schools, 20-72. Kessler, R. Purcel, J. (1992). â€Å"Performance related pay objectives and application†, Human resource management Journal, 2(3): 16-33. Koshiro, K. (1992). â€Å"Employment security and labor market flexibility: an international perspective†, Detroit: Wayne S tate University Press. Lipsey, G.R. Chrystal, A.K. (2007). â€Å"Economics† (11th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press. Locke, R., Amengual, M. Mangla, A. (2009). â€Å"Virtue out of Necessity? Compliance, Commitment and the Improvement of Labour Conditions in Global Supply Chains†, Politics and Society, 37 (37): 319–351. Procter, S. et al. (1993). â€Å"Performance related pay in operation: A case study from the electronics industry†, Human resource management journal 3(4): 60-74. Steifert, R. (1992). â€Å"Whitley and the survival of collective bargaining, Industrial relations in the NHS†, 198-255. Weil, D. Mallo, C. (2007). â€Å"Regulating labour standards via supply chains: Combining public/private interventions to improve workplace compliance†, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(4): 791–814. Welfare, S. (2006). â€Å"Rewarding achievement through bonus schemes†, IRS employment Review, (857): 33-35. White, G . (2002). â€Å"The pay review body system†, Historical studies in industrial relations, (9): 71-100. This essay on The labour market influence in the determination of pay was written and submitted by user Alberto Sloan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Geographic Information About the Country of Peru

Geographic Information About the Country of Peru Population: 31.77 million (2016 estimate)Capital: LimaBordering Countries: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and EcuadorArea: 496,224 square miles (1,285,216 sq km)Coastline: 1,500 miles (2,414 km)Highest Point: Nevado Huascaran at 22,205 feet (6,768 m)Peru is a country located on the western side of South America between Chile and Ecuador. It also shares borders with Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia and has a coastline along the South Pacific Ocean. Peru is the fifth most populous country in Latin America and it is known for its ancient history, varied topography and multiethnic population. History of Peru Peru has a long history that dates back to the Norte Chico civilization and the Inca Empire. Europeans did not arrive in Peru until 1531 when the Spanish landed on the territory and discovered the Inca civilization. At that time, the Inca Empire was centered in what is present-day Cuzco but it stretched from northern Ecuador to central Chile (U.S. Department of State). In the early 1530s Spains Francisco Pizarro began searching the area for wealth and by 1533 had taken over Cuzco. In 1535 Pizarro founded Lima and in 1542 a viceroyalty was established there that gave the city control over all Spanish colonies in the region.Spanish control of Peru lasted until the early 1800s at which time Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar began a push for independence. On July 28, 1821, San Martin declared Peru independent and in 1824 it achieved partial independence. Spain fully recognized Peru as independent in 1879. Following its independence, there were several territorial disputes between Peru and neighboring countries. These conflicts eventually led to the War of the Pacific from 1879 to 1883 as well as several clashes in the early 1900s. In 1929 Peru and Chile drafted an agreement on where the borders would be, however it was not fully implemented until 1999 and there are still disagreements about maritime boundaries.Beginning in the 1960s, social instability led to a period of military rule that lasted from 1968 to 1980. Military rule began to end when General Juan Velasco Alvarado was replaced by General Francisco Morales Bermudez in 1975 due to poor health and problems managing Peru. Bermudez eventually worked at returning Peru to a democracy by allowing a new constitution and elections in May 1980. At that time President Belaunde Terry was re-elected (he was overthrown in 1968).Despite its return to democracy, Peru suffered severe instability in the 1980s due to economic problems. From 1982 to 1983 El Nino caused flooding, drought and destroyed the countrys fishing industry. In addition, two terrorist groups, Sendero Luminoso and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, emerged and caused chaos in much of the country. In 1985 Alan Garcia Perez was elected president and economic mismanagement followed, further devastating Perus economy from 1988 to 1990.In 1990 Alberto Fujimori was elected president and he made several large changes in the government throughout the 1990s. Instability continued and in 2000 Fujimori resigned from office after several political scandals. In 2001 Alejandro Toledo took office and put Peru on track to return to democracy. In 2006 Alan Garcia Perez again became Perus president and since then the countrys economy and stability have rebounded. Government of Peru Today Perus government is considered a constitutional republic. It has an executive branch of government that is made up of a chief of state and a head of government (both of which are filled by the president) and a unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru for its legislative branch. Perus judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of Justice. Peru is divided into 25 regions for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Peru Since 2006 Perus economy has been on the rebound. It is also known as being varied due to the varied landscape within the country. For example, certain areas are known for fishing, while others feature abundant mineral resources. The main industries in Peru are mining and refining of minerals, steel, metal fabrication, petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction, fishing, cement, textiles, clothing and food processing. Agriculture is also a major part of Perus economy and the main products are asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guava, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, tomatoes, mango, barley, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, beans, poultry, beef, dairy products, fish and guinea pigs. Geography and Climate of Peru Peru is located in the western part of South America just below the equator. It has a varied topography that consists of a coastal plain in the west, high rugged mountains in its center (the Andes) and a lowland jungle in the east that leads into the Amazon River basin. The highest point in Peru is Nevado Huascaran at 22,205 feet (6,768 m).The climate of Peru varies based on the landscape but it is mostly tropical in the east, desert in the west and temperate in the Andes. Lima, which is located on the coast, has an average February high temperature of 80˚F (26.5˚C) and an August low of 58˚F (14˚C).​ReferencesCentral Intelligence Agency. (15 June 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - Peru. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Peru: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107883.htmlUnited States Department of State. (30 September 2010). P eru. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35762.htmWikipedia.org. (20 June 2011). Peru - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru

How to Format APA Citations

How to Format APA Citations How to Format APA Citations APA referencing – developed by the American Psychological Association – is used to cite sources in academic writing. But how does this system work? In this post, we take a look at APA citations, how to quote sources, and a few variations of the basic citation format you may need to know. 1. Basic APA Citations APA uses author–date citations (a form of parenthetical referencing). This means you cite a source by giving the surname of its author and the date of its publication in brackets: Many people use APA citations (Schreiber, 2001). As shown above, APA citations place a comma between the author’s name and the year. If the author is already named in the text, meanwhile, you only need to give the year in brackets: Schreiber (2001) states that many people use APA citations. This is the basic APA citation format for all sources with a single author. 2. Sources with More than One Author For sources with two authors, include both surnames in citations. The names should be joined by an ampersand if they are cited in brackets, but not when they appear in the main text: Two is company (Schreiber Harkin, 2011). According to Schreiber and Harkin (2011), two is company. When a source has three to five authors, the format is the same as above for the first citation. For instance: Three is a crowd (Schreiber, Harkin, Murray Ptaszynski, 2014). However, if you were to cite the same source again, you would use the first name plus â€Å"et al.† to prevent repetition. For example: Nobody yet knows what comes after a crowd (Schreiber et al., 2014). For sources with more than five authors, meanwhile, you should cite the first named author plus â€Å"et al.† in all citations, including the first one (full author information is still given in the reference list). 3. Organizational Authors Some sources, such as the website of a business, won’t have a named individual as an author. When this occurs, you can name a company or organization as the author: Missing citations can affect your grades (Proofed, 2018). This is known as citing an â€Å"organizational author.† If there is no organizational author available either, though, you may have to give the title of the source in the citation instead of an author. 4. Quoting Sources If you are quoting a source, you need to give a pinpoint citation. This means citing the page number(s) of the quoted passage: It is important to â€Å"provide evidence in essays† (Schreiber, 2001, p. 24). As shown above, you should give the page number(s) after a comma and â€Å"p.† when the author’s name is part of the citation. However, you should cite the page number separately when the author has been named in the text instead: Schreiber (2001) says we must â€Å"provide evidence in essays† (p. 24). The key is that page numbers always appear after the quotation. 5. Audiovisual Sources If you want to quote an audiovisual source, you need to cite a timestamp: The interviewee claimed that â€Å"video is the future† (Harkin, 2017, 21:34). Here, for example, the â€Å"21:34† in the citation shows that the quote comes from 21 minutes and 34 seconds into the recording. This replaces the page numbers cited when quoting a print source. 6. Multiple Sources in One Citation You can, if required, cite more than one source in a single set of brackets. All you need to do is place a semicolon between the citations, which should be ordered alphabetically by author surname: There is strong agreement on this issue among experts (Harkin, 2001; Ptaszynski, 1998; Schreiber, 2010). Citing more than one source at the same time like this can be useful if you need to show that multiple sources support the same argument. 7. Multiple Sources by the Same Author from the Same Year For most sources, the author’s surname and year of publication will be enough for the reader to find it in the reference list. However, if you are citing more than one source by the same author from the same year, you will need to provide extra information to help the reader. APA referencing does this by placing a letter after the year of publication: Publishing success can vary by year (Harkin, 2001a). Some years may see an author release multiple works, whereas other years may see them publish nothing at all (Harkin, 2001b). Here, we have two sources by Harkin from 2001. As such, we label these â€Å"2001a† and â€Å"2001b† in citations and in the reference list so readers can tell which citation points to which source. The letter used depends on the position of the source in the reference list, with sources from the same year ordered alphabetically by title. So, if we have two sources by Harkin from 2001, one called Analyzing APA and another called Myths of Referencing, the former would come first in the reference list and be cited as ‘2001a’, while the latter would come second and be cited as â€Å"2001b.† 8. More than One Author with the Same Surname Finally, if you cite separate sources by two authors who happen to have the same surname, you should add a first initial to citations so that your reader can tell them apart: Some surnames are very common (A. Smith, 1984). This can lead to confusion between people with the same surname (B. Smith, 2004). Adding this initial will help readers find the sources in your reference list.

Critically discuss the view that the Cournot, Bertrand and Stackelberg Essay

Critically discuss the view that the Cournot, Bertrand and Stackelberg models of oligopoly are fundamentally flawed and are unable to explain recent events in the markets and industries - Essay Example It is a common practice for firms in an oligopoly market to collude in setting up prices with an intention of mitigating the risks that arises in the particular market. However, most of the alliances formed are outlawed in most countries given that they short-change customers because of the less competition that they have unlike in other markets such a perfect competition environment (Vives, 1999). Models developed by three scholars try to explain the concept of an oligopoly market. The Cournot, Bertrand and Stacklerg models are used to explain the theory of oligopoly. The Game theory is widely applied by three models to analyse the market critically under consideration (GineviÄ ius and Krivka, 2008). In a Cournot oligopoly, business entities compete on the basis of production levels. They determine the volume of products they are supposed to produce separately within a specified period. The main assumption made in a Cournot oligopoly is that the core business activity of a business entity is profit maximization. It assumes that the decision of determining the volume level is independent. Furthermore, it is assumed that all players in the market are aware of the cost function and the number of players that exist in the market. However, the cost function may vary from one organization to another (Giocoli, 2003). Some of the implication of the assumptions made in Cournot model is that the production level in the market is likely to be less compared to that of other markets such as the perfect competition market (Kopel and Là ¶ffler, 2008). Additionally, the prices in a Cournot oligopoly are lower compared to those of other markets. Conversely, given the nature of the market, formation of firms are likely to form cartels. Consequently, the model can be transformed to become similar to that of a monopoly market (Day et al., 2002). Cournot models assume firms

Ben and jerry study case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ben and jerry - Case Study Example Also, it failed in increasing average return on shareholders’ equity. From 5% in 1997, it had reached till the case writing to 9%, which was not a big leap forward on the shareholders’ money. 2. Do you think that, in general, it is possible for a for-profit company to be committed to â€Å"improve the quality of life of a broad community† and still maximize shareholder value? Why or why not? It is possible for a for-profit company to remain dedicated to the community cause and at the same time record high earnings for the shareholders. Off late social issues of the communities where corporations have their offices have become relevant enough to provide a brand name and image to a company that promises to offer intangible value to the surrounding communities. This intangible value appreciates in time and changes into tangible results later when public at large prefers investing in its shares because of the earned reputation from the social work done to improve the standard of life of the surrounding communities. If I were Henry Morgan, I would recommend the Board to accept the offer made by Unilever. Unilever is the only company that is offering shareholders’ $36 in cash for each share. Offering shareholders the cash return for their investments in Ben $ Jerry’s provides them freedom of investing in any other company. Another company, Meadowbrook Lane is offering $32, which is less in value to the offer made by Unilever. Other than that the proposal made by Unilever offers to include some select members of B&J management in the integrated division of Unilever’s frozen desserts. A conflict of interests arises over Unilever’s proposal to limit social commitments and interests, but this is the same in the proposals of Meadowbrook Lane and Dreyer’s Grand. 4. If you are thinking about starting a new business, would social consciousness be a consideration for you? Was there anything you learned in