Macbeth Newspaper free essay sample

One way Jewett dramatizes the character of the young girls adventure is by using personification. Jewett uses personification. Personification gives human qualities to objects as a way of describing them to strengthen the description. In the story A White Heron Jewett uses personification when she says â€Å"There was the huge tree asleep yet in the paling moonlight. † Jewett here is showing the tree as a peaceful tree sleeping under the moonlight. â€Å"It must truly have been amazed. † This is when Jewett is trying to show how the tree is amazed by Sylvia and from that point it started to help her. â€Å"It felt this determined spark of human spirit. † This is when Jewett is showing that the tree felt a spark of human spirit. â€Å"And the tree stood still and frowned away the winds. † This was when Jewett was trying to show that the tree frowned away the winds and did not want the wind to make Sylvia’s journey hard for her. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Newspaper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"The old pine must have loved his new dependent. † This is when Jewett is showing that the old pine tree now has helped Sylvia to the top and actually loves his new dependent (Sylvia). Another way Jewett dramatizes the character of the young girls adventure is by using Diction. Diction is the author’s word choice. It is very important because it strengthens the description of something or someone. In The White Heron Jewett it helps contrast between the huge tree and the small girl. Words that was used to describe Sylvia in the story was â€Å"little,† â€Å"small,† â€Å"clumsy,† â€Å"bare feet,† â€Å"weak creature† and â€Å"Harmless housebreaker. † All of these are words chosen by Jewett that describes the character of Sylvia. It strengthens the characterization of Sylvia. Those words mostly are showing that Sylvia is weak and small. She is a small girl that goes on a journey that leads her to becoming a young adult. Also words such as â€Å"determined,† â€Å"daring,† spark† and â€Å"dazzle† shows that Sylvia is determined and is daring herself to climb the â€Å"huge† tree. Jewett also uses words to describe the tree. Words such as â€Å"huge,† â€Å"strong,† â€Å"old pine,† â€Å"sturdy,† â€Å"monstrous ladder† and â€Å"great main mast† to describe the tree. This is showing that the tree is very powerful. These two are exactly opposite when Jewett describes them using word choice and diction. For example she says the girl is â€Å"small† and the tree is â€Å"huge,† she is â€Å"weak† and the tree is â€Å"strong† so there is a contrast between them. Contrasting diction and word choices contrasts the Sylvia’s personality and the tree’s.

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays

Descripitve Essay Winter Essays Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Descripitve Essay Winter Essay Coldness. This was the first thing that struck, standing here, especially with the arrival of winter and its chilly snow that characterized this place, as well as the breezy northern wind. It was easy to be overwhelmed by the sights, sounds, and smells that accompanied the coldness. The surrounding was entirely transformed. Droplets of snow gracefully descended down to the ground, stacking up until it was a dozen feet high. Where there was once pale dead grass, there is now, endless rolling hills of crystal. The trees looked like delicate, thin dancers, twisting and arching up through the white soft layer of snow. Bushes became lumps of sugar and power-line between the pole turned heavy, sagging down as they were ladened with the weight of the flakes. Eventually they seemed to have vanished and that snow itself was suspended midair. In the far west, emerging through the misty cloud was the twilight, illuminating parts of skyline. Time progressed. As more snow collected, a certain hush established over the world. the snow seemed to mute the usual sounds go hand in hand with the bustle of daily live. The usual chaoticness was replaced with an eerie silence. Every once in a while, people would rush from place to place, causing the quiet crunching and squeaky snow to buckles under the pressure of their weight. The marks of their trail soon were replenish by the snow. Later in the day, the branches and limbs-with the heavy loads- creaked and groaned as they settled to a rest. However, the smell of snow was difficult to explain. There was a distinct scent to frozen crystals, an almost crisp odour. In addition to that, it stifled with the smell of pines and miasma of rotten leaves. Soon the atrocious smell would be blown away by the aroma of hot chocolate and cakes. Animals such as rabbits and squirrels living in their comfortable, warm caves came out when the aroma permeated deep into the forest, unable to resist. And when the dusk turned

Knowledge Management and Information Strategy Coursework

Knowledge Management and Information Strategy - Coursework Example A review of literature on the factors that influence success and failure of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) implementation projects is conducted. This is followed by a summary of the crucial managerial and technological factors that support a successful performance of KMS implementation project. To understand this issue better, the paper derives qualitative data on National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) related to the subject matter. NTPC is an Indian power generation company and it is one example of firms that have implemented KMS recently. Content analysis is applied on the data and a detailed outline of the implementation approach undertaken by this company is given. The challenges encountered during the process, the technology adopted and the benefits derived from the project are also examined. The analysis of this company finds that the KMS project has encountered numerous challenges and its return to the company can be termed as average. It emerged that some of the challe nges have emerged from failure to incorporate some of the crucial factors in the implementation process such as the use of motivational aids. The company needs to incorporate all crucial factors in the implementation process and to find strategies to minimize or overcome the challenges in order to increase value of the project. With the rapidly changing business world organizations are finding it necessary to leverage on KM in a way that any new knowledge is shared across the organization and stored for future use. The concept has gained prominence since the mid 1990s following the work of Peter Drucker. Knowledge is being viewed as a key resource in business for economic growth by developing a competitive edge. Fernandez and Sabherwal (2010, p. 56) defined KM as doing what is needed to get the most out of knowledge resources. KM involves enhancing knowledge creation and sharing it within organization and

Evaluation and analysis of the complemntary therepy Reiki Essay

Evaluation and analysis of the complemntary therepy Reiki - Essay Example Reiki is nothing but universal life force energy having different names in different countries. It is known as chi in China, bio-plasmic energy in Russia, prana in India. Leeuwen (2005) asserts everything in our universe is made up entirely of energy. The word â€Å"Reiki† is Japanese, and is made up from two words: â€Å"rei†, meaning â€Å"universal†, and â€Å"ki† meaning â€Å"life force†. It is based on Einstein’s formula that energy is equal to mass times speed of light squared. The mind, body, thoughts, emotions, light and the physical world around all is composed of energy. To sustain the body, which itself is energy, we need external energy from food as well as the universal life force energy. When the energy level in the body is imbalanced, we experience diseases. As Muralidharan (n.d.), confirms, most of the diseases are psychosomatic disorders. Thoughts are stored in the subtle body from the childhood or the past life. Recent events evoke these memories and the thoughts are fed to the mind. The mind then analyzes them and transmits electric impulses to the complete system. The body responds to the impulses received from the mind. Due to high expectations in today’s world, the mind is under constant stress and strain. The chemical pattern as well as the energy level constantly changes due to the changing thought patterns. The evoked emotions affect the endocrine system and the disruption of hormones secretions or the disrupted energy flow is the cause of all diseases. Reiki, the universal life force energy helps to balance the energy level of the body and mind and restores health of an individual. Takata (1982) cites from Hawayo Takata’s Early Diary that there exists One Supreme Being--the Absolute Infinite--a Dynamic Force that governs the world and universe. This is an unseen Supreme power, which vibrates and then all other powers fade into

Life Now As a College Student and Life Before the College Essay

Life Now As a College Student and Life Before the College - Essay Example This essay discusses that many young people find that there is a huge disconnect between what is expected of college life and what it actually turns out to be. This dissonance may sometimes be traumatic. Loneliness, disappointment, and the absence of the usual familial support can make some people react in unpredictable ways. It could heighten homesickness; make you give into numerous temptations or prompt you to just dropout. â€Å"National statistics tell us that less than half of all college students finish their four-year college degrees. Slightly more than half of those who don't finish leave school before the start of their second year†. Colleges across the country are aware of this problem. And more and more colleges are focusing on helping students who are finding it difficult to make the change. Just as different people adjust to a situation differently, so too is the case in college. You will find some classmates making the change faster and adjusting better. This is no reason to feel frustrated. You are new to handling situations independently. Giving yourself more time helps. Consulting on-campus counselors also make a big difference. Life before college was a piece of cake. College, on the other hand, is a challenge in many ways. It brings new expectations, new sacrifices and a whole new load of adjustments. It is the final frontier before we set out to face the world. But the upside of this is that this is an opportunity to be an adult; to take charge of a totally new situation and eventually come out on top.

History of Chinese Traditional Clothing: Green Design

History of Chinese Traditional Clothing: Green Design China is a multi-ethnic country that had approximately 5000 years history. Clothing manufacture in China dates back to prehistoric times, at least 7,000 years ago. According to the findings of 18,000 year-old artifacts by the archaeologists. They found the bone sewing needles and stone beads and shells with holes bored in them attest to the existence of ornamentation and of sewing extremely early in Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, China has experienced many dynasties from first Xia Dynasty (BC 2100) to the last Qin dynasty (AD 1911), the generations of clothing designers created different style of garments. The meaning of garments from cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture. The progress of nation can be seen through its changes in clothing styles. However, with the development of the social and economic, at the same time of pay more attention on the styles and effect of the garments, the fashion designers ignored the materials what they have used whether it is good or bad for our environment. That is Green design which was the popular points of view in recent years. The purpose of my research is to appeal more and more Chinese fashion designers begin to focus on the green design throughout the long history of Chinese traditional clothing. Part 1: The history of Chinese traditional clothing The symbol of colors during the Chinese history During the approximately 5000 years of Chinese history, color had it own particular meanings. Stringent rules are made for the color of ancient dress and adornment. Yellow is the most valuable color as a symbol of center. It is reserved for royalty and emperor. Although each dynasty designates their own color in each official rank, clothing and objects that are yellow in color still resemble a higher social status. Yellow also is the main color of Buddhism, thus it represents being free from worldly cares. Red is used for happiness and joy such as births, weddings holidays and so on. In fact, after the Ming Dynasty, only the Emperors close relatives could have homes with red walls and yellow roof tiles. Peasants could only live in homes made with blue bricks and roof tiles. White is a symbol of the unknown and purity. It is white is the color of mourning, death, and ghosts. Therefore Chinese people will wear white during a funeral or while summoning ghosts. Whats more, green, red, wh ite and black symbolize the East, the South, the West and the North respectively. These four colors also associate with four specific seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. In general, Green, red, black, white and yellow are pure colors applied by the emperors and officials. The common people could only apply the secondary colors. Darker colors were favored over lighter ones in traditional Chinese clothing, so the main color of ceremonial clothing tended to be dark while bright, elaborate tapestry designs accented. The common people for everyday and around the house use wore lighter colored clothing more frequently. (Amaranthine, 2007) Clothing styles and the usage of fabrics in different dynasty According to the Chinese long history, each dynasty in China had its own memorable culture and style of garments. The costumes of ancient China were emblems of Chinese tradition, as well as an essential element in the history and culture of each dynasty. Costume maintained an important role in Chinese culture for more than three thousand years. The culture of China is ancient and well established, brilliant and resplendent. The costumes are likewise magnificent and colorful. There were many dynasties throughout Chinas history, each having its own unique style of garments. And each style would change or disappear as its dynasty changed, declined, or was replaced. With the advent of each new dynasty and the progression of time, costumes were revolutionized. The style was classical and conservative in the Qin and Han dynasties, luxurious and glamorous in the Tang dynasty, delicate and exquisite in the Song dynasty, graceful and magnificent in the Ming dynasty, and very intricate in the Qing dynasty. Chinas complete code of costume and trappings was established in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). (Shenyi in Han Dynasty) The yarn-dyeing, embroidering and metal-processing technologies developed rapidly in the period. Han dynasty also was the first time in history that China had contact with the West through the Silk Road. Shenyi or deep garments was most famous in Han dynasty. The shenyi is made up of the upper and lower garment, tailored and made in a unique way. It has to be long enough not to expose the skin, but short enough not to drag on the floor. The forepart is elongated into a large triangle; with the part above the waist in straight cut and tile part below the waist bias cut, for ease of movement. The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyi system. People worn in black would like to match purple silk adornments. It implied that silk started to be used in the garments. The unified and prosperous China was established in the Tang Dynasty (AD618-AD907). In Chinas history, the Tang Dynasty was a period when the polity and economy were highly developed and the culture and art were thriving. In general, the Tang womens dresses can be classified into three categories: the hufu, or alien dress that came from the Silk Road, the traditional ruqun or double layered or padded short jacket that was typical of central China, as well as the full set of male garments that broke the tradition of the Confucian formalities. The Tang women inherited this traditional style and developed it further, opening up the collar as far as exposing the cleavage between the breasts. This was unheard of and unimaginable in the previous dynasties. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty (AD1644-AD1911), long gowns featured collarless, narrow cuff in the shape of a horses hoof, buttons down the left front, four slits and a fitting waist. Wearers usually coiled up their cuff, and put it down when hunting or battling to cover the back of hand. In winter, the cuff could serve to prevent cold. The gown had four slits, with one on the left, right, front and back, which reached the knees. It was fitted to the body and rather warm. Fastened with a waistband, the long gown could hold solid food and utensils when people went out hunting. Mens long gowns were mostly blue, gray or green; and womens, white. Another feature of Manchu cheongsam was that people generally wore it plus a waistcoat that was either with buttons down the front, a twisted front, or a front in the shape of lute, etc. When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper, the capital was moved to Beijing and cheongsam began to spread in the Central Plains. The Qing Dynasty unified China, and unified the nationwide costume as well. At that time, men wore a long gown and a mandarin jacket over the gown, while women wore cheongsam. Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing (Manchu) Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with succeeding improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women. After the 1940s, influenced by new fashion home and abroad, Manchu mens cheongsam was phased out, while womens cheongsam became narrow-sleeved and fitted to the waist and had a relatively loose hip part, and its lower hem reached the ankles. Then there emerge various forms of cheongsams we see today that emphasize color decoration and set off the beauty of the female shape. Why cheongsam was more popular at that period of time? The main reason is that it fits well the fe males body, although it only shows the simple lines, it looks elegant and well fitted. The cheongsam can either be long or short, unlined or interlined, woolen or made of silk floss. Besides, with different materials, the cheongsam presents different styles. Cheongsams made of silk with patterns of floweret, plain lattices or thin lines demonstrate charm of femininity and staidness; those made of brocade are eye-catching and magnificent. The earliest known silk textiles excavated in China dated to about 3630 BCE. Fabrics made of silk consist of many types: Brocade, satin, silk fabric, etc. This variety of fabric is due to different kinds of weaving skill and silk fabrics. Some are lined, some are unbleached, some are heavy, and some are thin. Silk- knit goods is one of great Chinese products in the world. The weaving skills emerged in the primitive society. They can demonstrate the culture tradition of one nation. Except the different kinds of silk, cotton, flax, voile, jute and satin were commonly used in the garments as well. 5,000+ BC FLAX: Generally considered to be the oldest natural textile fiber. 3,000+ BC COTTON: Earliest use estimated between 3,000 BC to 5,000 BC. Worn by Egyptians earlier than 2,500 BC. Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized  the processing of cotton. The development of the power loom in 1884 brought significant  improvements and variations to cotton fabrics. Major producers: United States, Soviet States, Chinaand India. Lessor producers include Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico  Iran and Sudan. 3,000 BC WOOL: Used by people of the Late Stone Age, There are 40 different breeds of sheep, which produce  approximately 200 types of wool of varying grades. Major producers include: Australia, New Zealand, Soviet States, China, South Africa, and Argentina. 2,600 BC SILK: Believed discovered by a Chinese princess. Silk is made from two continuous filaments cemented together  and used to form the cocoon of the silkworm. Silk culture began about 1725 BC, sponsored by the wife of Chinas  emperor. Secrets of cultivation and fabric manufacturing were closely guarded  by the Chinese for about 3,000 years. There is a story that two monks smuggled seeds of the mulberry  tree and silkworm eggs out of China by hiding them in their walking  sticks. India learned of silk culture when a Chinese princess married an  Indian prince. Part 2: Green Design What is green design? Green design, also known as eco-design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Green design can be used for the microcosm and macrocosm in the scheme of daily living. Green design uses renewable resources. It reminds people about recycling to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as materials that can be recycled sustain it. It is beneficial to recycle material as it reduces the wastage of new resources. Green design can be also explained as design for the environment. Protecting our environment, and its present and future inhabitants, is the essential and important goal of sustainability. This large and complex field looks at our marketplace, at the way we grow, make and consume products, and strives to incorporate an awareness of the impact of our choices at every stage of the process. There is no one right way to be environmentally responsible, but there are a growing number of intelligent choices and best practices. The concept of sustainability combines concern for the well being of our planet with the needs of continued human development. The World Commission on Environment and Development defines it as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. When the design process is informed by this imperative, the central concern is to assess the consequences, both short and long-term, of any transformation of the environment. Design must also aim to eliminate waste, to use renewable energy, to reduce toxic emissions and to leave as light a footprint on the environment as possible. What is green fabrics? These fabrics, without any additional backings or chemical finishes, utilize post-consumer and post-industrial recycled polyester, and are themselves recyclable. The American mills that weave these designs have programs to minimize and recycle selvage waste and shipping materials, assess dye protocols and reduce energy use. The materials are typically harvested within a 10-year or shorter cycle. These natural fibers include cotton, sisal, flax, ramie, hemp, jute, wool, silk, mohair and bamboo. The Market of Green design in China There are a large amount of wasted materials can be recycled in the textile industry. China is a big textile country. The production of cotton gauze is ranking first in the world so as to the textile wastes resources are also very rich in the process of production. The consumption of textile fabric is about 5 million tons per year. With the continually increase of textile consumption; the textile wastes are also keep growing. On the other hands, China has a huge population. The textile recourses are inadequate, it cannot satisfy the needs of textile industry production. Strengthen the textile waste recycling, waste to treasure, it is not only has a huge effect on making up for the shortage of textile raw materials, but also a new industrial projects for low cost, high benefits and adequate recourses. Thus the recycle textile fabrics have a broad prospects development in the Chinese market. It is estimated that more than 1 million tones of textiles are thrown away every year, with most of this coming from household sources. Textiles make up about 3% by weight of a household bin. At least 50% of the textiles we throw away are recyclable. (Analysis of household waste composition and factors driving waste increases Dr. J. Parfitt, WRAP, December 2002) Although the majority of textile waste originates from household sources, waste textiles also arise during yarn and fabric manufacture, garment-making processes and from the retail industry. These are termed post-industrial waste, as opposed to the post-consumer waste, which goes to jumble sales and charity shops. Together they provide a vast potential for recovery and recycling. Recovery and recycling provide both environmental and economic benefits. Textile recovery: Reduces the need for landfill space. Textiles present particular problems in landfill as synthetic (man-made fibres) products will not decompose, while woollen garments do decompose and produce methane that contributes to global warming. Reduces pressure on virgin resources. Aids the balance of payments as we import fewer materials for our needs. Results in less pollution and energy savings, as fibers do not have to be transported from abroad. At present the consumer has the option of putting textiles in clothes banks, taking them to charity shops or having them picked up for a jumble sale. Recycled, a scheme run by the Textile Recycling Association in conjunction with local authorities and charities provides textile banks for public use. The Salvation Army, Scope, and Oxfam also use a bank scheme in conjunction with other methods. Scope, for example, runs a national door-to-door textile collection service. There are about 3,000 textile banks nationwide, but clothes banks are only operating at about 25% capacity. The Salvation Army is the largest operator of textile banks in the UK, with over 2,000 banks nationwide. On average, each of these banks is estimated to collect about six tones of textiles per year. Combined with door-to-door collections, The Salvation Armys textile recycling operations account for the processing of in excess of 17,000 tones of clothing a year. Clothes are given to the homeless, sold in charity sh ops or sold in developing countries in Africa, the Indian sub-continent and parts of Eastern Europe.Nearly 70% of items put into clothing banks are reused as clothes, and any un-wearable items are sold to merchants to be recycled and used as factory wiping cloths. Thus for the Chinese market, we also can set more clothes banks in order to recycle more clothes. It is fortune that there is a lot of Chinese fashion designers begin to focus on the green design. For example, the Chinese fashion designer Yichao Zhang, he won the Creative award in 2009. He uses kong and Yu as his inspiration to show the new collection in the 2010 Chinese international fashion week-Autumn/Winter. He said, the meaning of Chinese word kong in English is sky, natural, and the space that human beings belong to. Yu means the space that human beings live to. He want to express that natural is the best living space for the human beings, thus people needs to love our natural and environment. All the garments were be made by the natural fabric, it reflect the green design obviously. What have I plan to do in the next step? Make more research about the fabric about Chinese traditional clothing, the news and report about green design in china and green fabrics. Make a questionnaire to survey the target customers, to get some information about what their opinion and their understanding of the green design. Make an interview to a Chinese fashion designer or some factories that prefers green design or product green fabrics. Make some market analysis about how popular will green design have in china. Questionnaire I am the student from Northumbria University in Newcastle. Can you help me to finish some questions about the Green Design as follow? Gender_____ Occupation_____ Age_____ 1. Have you heard about the Green Design? ___Yes ___No 2. When you buy a piece of garments, will you concern about the fabrics whether it was made in natural fabrics? ___Always ___Sometimes ___Never 3. Do you know the difference between natural fabrics and man-made fabrics? ___ Yes, I know ___Yes, I know a little bit ___No, I dont know 4. What will you do to deal with your old clothing? ___Throw away ___Recycle the clothing to the related department ___Keep it 5. Do you agree to advocate the fashion designers to use natural fabrics for making the garments? ___Yes I agree. ___Its up to the fashion designers, I never mind. ___I prefer the designers to use man-made fabrics. References CHUEN-FANG, L. (1991). Chinese decorative design. Taiwan, Republic of China, SMC Pub. Là ¼, H., Ma, C. (1980). Traditional Chinese textile designs in full color. Dover pictorial archive series. New York: Dover Publications. POOLE, B. (2006). Green design. New York, N.Y., Mark Batty Publisher. YANG, S. (2004). Traditional Chinese clothing: costumes, adornments culture. San Francisco, Long River Press. Chinese Clothing Five Thousand Years History http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_CLOTHING.HTM (no date) (Accessed at 21 April 2010) DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. http://www.pollackassociates.com/fabrics/info/green-design.cfm (no date) (Accessed at 21 April 2010) Medical Issue of Negligence | Case Study Medical Issue of Negligence | Case Study Muhammad Younas Introduction Healthcare professionals often confront situations of ambiguity and uncertainty regarding patient’s treatment. Ethical issues arise when there is violation of ethical principles by the health care providers, more specifically when the patient and family leave the decision on physicians considering them dominant and body of knowledge. These issues also arise when physician takes decision based some personal interest and which is partially or not at all in favor of patient. In this paper I am going to comment on the malpractice which is defined as the form of negligence where by any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of professional skills or the care provided not meet the standards and causes harm to the patient (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008). Scenario A 25 years old male patient diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage after road traffic accident was kept on ventilator in intensive care unit (ICU). Patient attendants were relying for any decision on health professionals. The family was well established and was able to pay any cost to save their patient. Patient was progressing towards brain death and attendants were not informed about the situation. Patient remained on ventilator for the next seven days and then declared dead. Nurses failed to intervene as they were afraid of job insecurity. The doctor misused his authority and forced nurses to just follow the orders. The doctor was aware about patient’s condition, but kept the patient on vent to generate revenue. Ethical issue In this scenario the doctor was aware about the subarachnoid hemorrhage and its poor prognosis as it was a traumatic brain injury leading towards brain death. Bullock et al. (2006) have classified subarachnoid hemorrhage as severe traumatic brain injury with twofold mortality rate and very poor prognosis. Despite the poor prognosis and no chances of survival of the patient the doctor kept the patient on ventilator because of his own, as well as institutional interest. The doctor kept the family unaware of this information and took decision based on his own interest as the family was well-off and was totally relying on the doctor for any action to be taken. Moreover, dignity of a human being was violated by keeping on prolong mechanical ventilation with brain death. Furthermore, the ICU bed and the ventilator could have been used for another critically ill patient as this was a case of brain death. Analysis of the ethical issue: Baskett, Steen and Bossaert (2005) have mentioned that the four ethical principles that are Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice are crucial in making decision at the end of life care. In this particular scenario the four ethical principles have been violated as consequences of the malpractice that is keeping the family unaware of the patient situation and prognosis. The term autonomy literally means â€Å"self-governance† (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008, p. 54). As the patient was on ventilator, in this case the surrogate decision maker will be one of the family members. It is the doctor’s obligation to inform the family about the prognosis and chances of survival and also explain them the code options and then let them autonomously decide on behalf of the patient. By not informing the family and not involving them actively in the decision about code status of the patient, the healthcare provider violated the family autonomy and misused paternalistic approach. The principle of beneficence refers to an act for the benefit of others (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). In particular to this scenario the specific beneficence has been violated as keeping the patient on ventilator with brain death is of no use for patient but only a false hope for family and financial burden. The element of veracity has been violated by not telling truth to the fa mily about the patient’s condition and prognosis. One of the consequences of the malpractice by the doctor is violation of justice. The doctor was not fair in proper allocation of resources the ventilator and ICU bed could have been used for another critically ill patient which were occupied by this patient with brain death. Ethical issue of interest and my position Then main issues in this scenario are the decision taken by the physician based on his own interest and then keeping the family unaware of the whole situation and consequently the general ethical principles have violated through malpractice. My stance in this situation is that Parents are legitimate decision makers and must be involve in making decision on behalf of their children. Arguments Autonomy of the legitimate decision makers has been violated. Emanuel and Emanuel (1992) suggested a four models approach based namely, (i) paternalistic model, (ii) the informative model, (iii) the interpretive model and, (iv) the deliberative model. Firstly, paternalistic model, the physician has adopted paternalistic approach but did not make sure that whether the interventions best promote health and wellbeing. Secondly, in the objective of the informative model, the physician did not provide legitimate decision makers with all the relevant information about the disease prognosis, the risk and benefits of the available interventions, but just decided on his own. Thirdly, in the interpretive model the physician did not elucidate the parent’s values about selection of the available interventions which realizes their values. Lastly, the deliberative model, the physician did not assist the parents to choose and decide for the patient the best health related values. All of the four models are focused on patient autonomy and stressed that autonomy of the patient should be taken care in any circumstances. Malpractice by the physician reflects that he did not show adherence to his oath and accountability in taking decision for patient. It is the duty of the physician to bear in mind the preserving of human life and should owe his complete loyalty and resources of his knowledge for the patient (Pakistan medical and dental council, 2006). Furthermore, there was misuse of paternalistic approach by the doctor. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) suggests that though based on beneficence, decisions taken are centered to patient wellbeing, however, the inherent supremacy in such a hierarchical arrangement may be abused and the decision taken may reflect the self-interest of the healthcare professional more than care for the patient (p. 270). In addition there was violation of social justice by the physician in the allocation of resources and budget for other deserving candidates. After the brain death the physician new that further treatment is futile and of no benefit for the patient yet he ordered to continue the treatment. The ICU bed and ventilator could have been used for other deserving candidates. If a patient is dead and still on ventilator in this case the cessation of treatment will not provide harm (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). It clearly indicates that the doctor kept the patient after brain death longer for own and hospital interest. Ethics of care In the light of ethics of care being a nurse the nurse personally feels that that the patient was on ventilator and was in a vulnerable state and though he failed to intervene but what possible he could have done? The theory of ethics defined by Tronto (1993) as cited in Lachman (2012), there is a pre-existing moral relationship between people and he further stated that there are four phases in patient care that are (i) caring about, (ii) taking care of, (iii) care giving and (iv) care receiving. In â€Å"caring about† phase the nurse noticed that the physician violated the legitimate decision makers’ autonomy by not involving them in decision making. In the phase â€Å"taking care of† he realized that he could have taken the responsibility and empathize what the parents were experiencing. Therefore in the â€Å"care giving† phase he could have advocate for the patient and family that they must know about the patient’s prognosis and thus take their own decision. Finally in the â€Å"care receiving† phase then he could have got the success of the interventions done in the previous three phases. Counter arguments Though the survival rate was low but there was still hope and the physician just wanted to give chance to this young blood and was hopeful that there might be a small chance. Occasionally miraculous recoveries from comas are reported widely (Swinburn, Ali, Banerjee and Khan, 1999). As the family was very anxious and the patient’s father was a cardiac patient, in this situation the doctor did not want to inform the family promptly. (Literature support with statistics) (We should not give up). The family gave the rights to the physician to decide for the patient, so he claims that he was just doing for the benefit of the patient. Moreover, the doctor did not misinform the family but just kept them unaware of the situation because he thought that telling the truth may increase their anxiety level. The physician may support him through Mill’s autonomy which talks about the obligation to persuade others when they have false or views (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). Justification of my Position Even if the doctor was right in his position he still should have not taken the decision by himself. The decision to withhold or with draw is made by the physician in consultation with family members (Burkhardt ansd Nathaniel, 2008). Moreover, burden of the treatment outweigh the benefits. The reasons for continuing the futile treatment are primarily based on physician emotions, guilt, concerns about family and fear of legal consequences (Jox, Schaider, Marckmann Borasio, 2012). How the scenario could have changed The family should have informed about the patient situation, prognosis, possible interventions along with risk benefit ratio. Thus the physician would have remained loyal to his oath and obligation by not providing false assurance to the family, and also the family was to suppose face the grief anyway. After the brain death the patient should have weaned off form ventilator and by announcement of death the dead body should have processed with dignity. Thus there would have less financial burden on the family and also justice have maintained by providing chance to other critically ill patients. Recommendations There should be a clear policy at institutional level regarding patients with brain death. Moreover, health care provider should show adherence to the implementation of such policy. The nurse as an advocator should advocate on patient’s behalf and also involve hospital ethical committee. It should be responsibility of the hospital ethics committee to investigate such cases and consider further necessary action accordingly. Patient and family education is an utmost duty of healthcare professionals, specifically physician should involve family in the decision making process. Conclusion Being health care professionals we face ethical issues in patient care and treatment more often, when we are dealing with critically ill patients when they are at their most vulnerable. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity is always there, but health care professional should be more accountable and sensible and should take decisions that are ethically and legally sound and should meet the patient and family values. References Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Burkhardt, M. Nathaniel, A. (2008). Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing (3rd ed.) Australia: Delmar. Bullock, M. R., Chesnut, R., Ghajar, J., Gordon, D., Hartl, R., Newell, D. W., Wilberger, J. (2006). Surgical management of traumatic parenchymal lesions. Neurosurgery, 58(3), S2-7-S2-62. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000210363.91172.A8 Emanuel, E. J., Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician-patient relationship. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267(16), 2221-2226. Jox, R. J., Schaider, A., Marckmann, G., Borasio, G. D. (2012). Medical futility at the end of life: the perspectives of intensive care and palliative care clinicians. Journal of medical ethics, 38(9), 540-545. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2011-100479 Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice. MedSurg Nursing, 21(2), 112-116. Swinburn, J. M., Ali, S. M., Banerjee, D. J., Khan, Z. P., Cranford, R. E., Jennett, B. (1999). Discontinuation of ventilation after brain stem death. British Medical Journal, 318, 1753- 55. How Effective is Policy in Reducing Child Poverty? How Effective is Policy in Reducing Child Poverty? How effective is policy in reducing child poverty Despite the United Kingdom being one of the worlds richest nations, it has one of the highest rates of child poverty. Research has shown, children living in poverty are less likely to achieve at school and by the age of fourteen many poor children are two years behind their peers (Fisher, 2008). This would suggest, children living in poverty are more likely to leave school with fewer qualifications, unable to realise their full potential, therefore, are less likely to contribute fully to society. Since 1997, New Labour policy has intended to improve services to children and families as part of a wider strategy to tackle social exclusion and poverty in the UK (Blair. 2005). In 1999 the labour party set out to end child poverty in a generation. I will set out our historic aim, that ours is the first generation to end child poverty forever, and it will take a generation. It is a 20-year mission but I believe it can be done. Blair (1999, in Ridge, 2004) Blairs historic pledge to end child poverty moved the issue from the side-line to the centre of the policy agenda (Ridge, 2004). In ending child poverty, the DCSF has outlined four areas which it believes are key to achieving the goal. Getting more parents into work, providing financial support that matches family requirements, improving childrens life chances and creating safe cohesive communities in which children can thrive (Defries, 2009). The intention to end child poverty by 2020 has introduced various forms of incentives to single parents encouraging them back to work (Blair. 1999). The Government has introduced a guaranteed minimum income for families with children who are in full time employment and child care grants for parents wishing to return to work. In addition, the Government has also extended maternity leave to fifty two weeks in the hope of enticing mothers to work rather than claim benefits (Work Families Act. 2006). Government policies on tackling childhood pover ty will be examined further in this essay. This literature review will explore current opinion on the role Government policy and legislation plays in effectively reducing child poverty. Through Government documents, websites and peer reviewed academic journals; I aim to establish if literature supports the effectiveness of policy in reducing child poverty. This essay will give a brief history of various policies introduced to support children and their families and examine the driving force behind them. It will also look at alternatives to end child poverty and reduce dependency on Welfare state. In order to appreciate the term ‘poverty it is important to give a succinct description of what poverty is and how it is classed; Poverty has many manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods. Hunger, malnutrition, ill health and basic education has also been a consistent theme among children in poverty (Alcock, 2006). The Governments classification of poverty in the UK is based on income and resources. If these are so inadequate as to preclude you from having a standard of living which is regarded as acceptable by the Government, then you are said to be in poverty (Cullen, 2007). Currently the Government class all families with an income of less than 60% of the British median to be in poverty (Gentleman, 2009). This is slightly different than the calculations used in research completed by UNICEF, where homes with equivalent income below 50% of the nations median are said to be in poverty (UNICEF, 2009). Although there appe ars to be no one clear measure, the Governments definition underpins their strategic response to tackling child poverty. Therefore, for the purpose of this review, child poverty will be measured through family income. Poverty exists within a dynamic and changing social order and is, to some extent, created and recreated buy the social and economic policies that have been developed over time. The history of policies of child poverty can be dated back as far as the first Poor Law. Prior to the Poor Law, assistance with, and relief from poverty was provided by the church, relatives or the parish. Policy and poverty has consistently shaped the position of children who are poor within all aspects of the boarder social structure. To develop an understanding of child poverty it is necessary to have an insight of how child poverty has been represented over time. Historically, the voices of children living in poverty have rarely been heard. Laslett (1971) points out, that despite there being a large number of children in the pre-industrial world; they are missing from written record (Laslett, 1971. P110). Cunningham (1991) reiterates this by stating, â€Å"Early representations of child poverty have come from neither child nor the poor†. (Cunningham, 1991) Therefore, our understanding of the history of child poverty has been filtered through an adults perspective based on family circumstances. As a result, any historical account of children living in poverty needs to be embedded in a wider account of the social, economic and political developments over time (Ridge, 2004). With this in mind, this review will give a brief overview of the key factors of legislation. The first Poor Law was introduced to aid assistance to those who needed it. The first Poor Law legislation of 1388 in England was made in response to a particular social situation following a high death rate from the Black Death plague epidemic. During the 19th century children whose parents were impoverished came under the jurisdiction of the 1934 Poor Law. Two main systems of relief existed within this law; the workhouse and outdoor relief. The Poor Law commission assumed children should be treated the same as their parents. Consequently, children of the ‘able bodied poor were expected to follow their parents into the workhouses (Fletcher, 2005). This would have made it almost impossible for children living in poverty to break the cycle as once they were old enough to work they took their positions within the work house. Outdoor relief was typically given to able-bodied paupers in the form of clothing, food or even money. However, work was expected in return (Walker, 2008). The underlying notion of the Poor Act was to foster independence and self reliance, therefore reinforcing the inherent values of work. It could be argued that these values are still current today. This will be explored further in the essay. Due to the high mortality rates of single mothers who died in child birth, about 20% of the children in the workhouses were parentless (Fletcher, 2005). Whilst provision was made for the parentless children of the work house, no provision was made for the parentless beggar children from the street. The street children were very much left to provide for themselves. Many of the children turned to crime, this was portrayed in the film Oliver Twist which was written in the late 1830s (Ref). This again, would have made it extremely difficult for poor children to break the cycle of poverty and highlights the ineptness of the Poor Law. The Royal Commission on the Poor Laws, in the early part of the twentieth century, reflected on its ineffectiveness in the majority and minority reports (1909) (Glennerster et al, 2004) It was believed some of the poor were beyond relief and of those on relief, it was felt they should not continue to do as they please. That is, they should not choose not to work if they were able to (Ref). This is a clear parallel of debates regarding todays society and welfare reform, where the government are actively encouraging able bodied parents to work to reduce dependency on the welfare state (Ref). The minority report saw the causes of poverty as largely the result of basic structural factors in the economy and argued provision for the poor should become part of a range of services for the whole community. This proved a strong thread in the debate of the Poor Law and became the centrepiece of a campaign to abolish it (Glennerster et al, 2004). After the Second World War it became clear there needed a big idea to put an end to poverty. The social security reforms of the 1940s, based on the recommendations of the Beveridge Report (1942) aimed to give everyone economic security from the ‘cradle to the grave through the provision of benefit support (Alcock, 2006). The introduction to family allowances in 1946 undoubtedly improved services to children and was an effective tool in reducing the problem of child poverty (BBC Radio). This was just one of a number of initiatives used to raise the standards of living for children in poverty. Although, Family Allowances were initially only paid to families with more than one child, this was later converted into Child Benefit and paid for all children and all families regardless of income (ref). This was to encourage low income families to work as they would still get some kind of benefit for their children regardless of income. However, due to the changes in family structure a high number of family break downs occurred, consequently the numbers of one-parent families grew. This made it very difficult for single parents as many were largely unable to work due to their child care responsibilities so many children remained poor. It could be argued that single parents fell through Beverages safety net as his reforms had only been intended to work as a family unit. This is a clear indication of the changes in family structure in a post modern Britain. It is widely recognised that family breakdowns are costly to the state with a high number of lone-parents claiming benefits. In 1905 a times editorial warned of relying too much on the state. He declared, parents had already been relieved of the duty of educating their children and now this was being used as an argument of relieving them from their duty of clothing them. He voiced his concern that children, in adulthood, may fail to take a productive role in society and instead rely heavily on the government when they in turn become parents. We have already made a serious inroad upon personal responsibility and a personal independence by relieving parents of their duty to educate their children. When we have done that, the argument will be stronger than ever for relieving them of the duty of clothing their children. But what are we to expect of our children when they in turn become parents. Their habit of looking to the state for their maintenance would be ingrained in them. However, without the state intervention there would undoubtedly have been no end to the squalor and disease with the century began. (Ref) It could therefore be argued that social policy has been effective in increasing living standards for children. Today many people believe they have gone too far and created a ‘nanny state. Can future governments do any better than those of the past? If not what will be the consequence of our children? needed a big idea to through national insurance. There was widespread support for the Beveridge plan and the post-war labour government pledged to make it a reality and the welfare state was born. This led to improved services for all, including education and a free national health service. This was largely welcomed by the nation. As the nation gradually became wealthier it was believed child poverty was becoming a thing of the past. By the 1990s however, it became clear that this was not the case. In the UK in 1991 the Child Support Act introduced major changes in the way the state intervenes in the financial support of children when parents separate (Burgoyne Millar, 1994). Previously, courts were responsible for setting and enforcing maintenance payments however, very few fathers paid anything for their children (Ref). The new approach required absent fathers to pay higher amounts for their children and enforced these payments much more rigorously than in the past. It could however be argued that the governments intentions of introducing the CSA was for the benefit of the state rather than the children, as a large number of lone-parents are unable to work. In which case the lone-parents receive no financial gain from the absent parent as any child support collected is simply deducted from their benefits. In 1996 the Child Poverty Action Group issued a report which indicated that one in four children were living in poverty (CPAG,). Although the destitution of the post-war days had gone, children were found to be living in conditions well below standards that we consider acceptable in todays society. Single parents are finding it extremely hard to exist on single parent benefit but many feel embedded in the poverty trap. It has been widely acknowledged that child care can be costly and the Governments scheme to assist with the cost of child care has been welcomed by many single parents wishing to return to work. However, many still find the costs too much even with support from the Child Care Grants. In addition to the cost of child care, many single mothers in a low-paying jobs battle with their imperative to keep a job so they can buy food and shelter for their children, and their responsibility to see the health, safety and education of their children. The needs of children can crea te a crisis when family needs overlap with demands of employers. This can discourage many employers from employing single parents. Theorists such as Bowlby, Stern, Clyman and Bucci (Gerhardt, 2004) have written much about the benefits of secure bonds for very young childrens development. In the case of Buccis theory, the development of a secure internal schema is given as much importance as the visible external schemas that practitioners strive to recognise and extend. It could therefore be argued, the Governments underlying aim to have as many adults working outside of the home as possible, regardless of the age of their children, is to the detriment of the long term social and emotional development of the children involved. A vital part of the Governments strategy to end child poverty was the introduction of Sure Start Centres where the intention is to ‘improve outcomes for all children. (Sure Start, 2008) However, the first brief for Sure Start centered on the goals of ‘helping prevent family breakdown and promoting readiness for school (Link, 2000. P94). The move towards Sure Start providing child care rather than purely child and family support could be viewed as a Government tool for removing parental choice and encouraging parents to work. In the year 2000, the Department for Education and Employment described Sure Start as ‘a cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion. (DfEE, 2000) This aim supports the research of many interested organisations such as the Institute for Public Policy Research who stated in 1998 that ‘social inclusion is best promoted though enhanced employment opportunity (Oppenheim, 1998. P113) and that ‘poverty and deprivation in childrens families and in their neighbourhoods is associated with their performance at school. (Oppenheim, 1998. P139) This would suggest that literature supports the Governments views in building an educated workforce and supports the Sure Start family Centres aim to meet both the individual needs of the family to get an early start in education support to narrow the performance gap. Due to the ineffectiveness of the Poor Law policies of the nineteenth century, many self-help organisations were set up to offer help to those who needed it. Many of these charities remained independent of government control or influence. British social policy, in relation to child poverty acknowledges the major contribution of these organistions in promoting childrens needs. The importance of the functions and responsibilities of the voluntary sector are well documented. This was evident in the Wolfenden Report 1978 which viewed the voluntary sector as one of the four sets of institutions through which social needs are met(Taylor Woods, 2005). Changes in society, to some degree, have caused poverty. Work for unskilled men and women have become more difficult to find. The wages paid for unskilled workers is far less, therefore creating a huge wage divide for skilled and unskilled workers. Poverty today is not just about money, it is also about feeling of worthlessness in society. Many pathways have been blocked and more and more people are finding it increasing difficult to break free from poverty cycle due to employers requiring skilled workers. People becoming The social security system is complex and the ongoing use of mean-testing for assessing eligibility for benefits may prevent some families from making claims this could prevent some children from being ‘lifted out of poverty. All parents including lone-parents, have been encouraged to take up paid work through the vigorous promotion of employment opportunities and child care support coupled with the policing of benefit use. It is increasingly evident that Britain is investing in children today in recognition of the children as the ‘future adults and future workforce of our society. Literature acknowledges that a countrys success is progressively tied to its workforce (Melhuish et al, 2008). Britain isnt alone in recognising that the future workforce is dependent on our children and requires investing in them.

American Poet: Phillis Wheatley Essay -- African American Poet Poetry

American Poet: Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley was an African-born slave in the last quarter of the eighteenth-century in New England. She was born in West Africa and brought to America on the slave ship Phillis. She was, however, much more than chattel-she was a poet. Phillis was the first African American to have a book published. In a time when women were not expected to be able to read or write, and when teaching an African American to be literate was frowned upon, Phillis Wheatley became educated in Latin and English literature. The education of Phillis Wheatley was, for the most part, for the intent of training "a servant and would-be companion for domestic utility," in which they undoubtedly succeeded. However, they "got an intellectual adornment" who, with her knowledge of the poems of Alexander Pope, the "Puritanical whiteness of her thoughts," and ability to write poems, soon became a celebrity among Boston?s social elite (Richmond 18,19). Phillis's published her first poem in 1767, only a few short years after her initial introduction to the English language. Between the time of the publication of her first poem and her first book, Poems on Various Subjects, in 1773, Phillis gained notoriety by publishing elegies in New England newspapers; her most famous elegy being that for a popular Methodist minister, Reverend George Whitefield in 1770. Although Phillis?s poetry was well received throughout New England, there were people who did not believe all of the poetry was actually written by Phillis. Her expertise with the heroic couplet form perfected by her literary hero Alexander Pope and the allusions to classic Greek and English poetry caused the speculation. In order to prove the validity of her poetry, Joh... ...iterature. New York: Norton, 1997. 165-167. O?Neale, Sondra A. "Phillis Wheatley." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 31: American Colonial Writers, 1735-1781. Ed. Emory Elliot. Princeton: Gale, 1984. 260-267. Richmond, Merle A. Bit the Vassal Soar: Interpretive Essays on the Life and Poetry of Phillis Wheatley and George Moses Horton. Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1974. Walker, Alice. "In Search of Our Mothers? Gardens." The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. New York: Norton, 1997. 2383. Wheatley, Phillis. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. New York: AMS Press, 1976. Rpt. of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Philadelphia, 1786. ---. "To His Excellency General Washington." The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Norton, 1997. 177.

Dead Poets Society: Film Techniques Essay

Keating believed in educating the boys to be â€Å"free thinkers†. How did this teaching of his philosophy have a positive and/or negative impact on the boys? How has Peter Weir used film techniques to reflect this positive and/or negative impact? Throughout the duration of the film, Dead Poets Society directed by Peter Weir, a number of film techniques are expressed to reflect the positive but also the negative impacts of Mr John Keating’s unorthodox and bizarre teaching methods towards his students. The film is set at the conservative and traditional Welton Academy in Vermont, United States in 1959 as it follows the story of the newly appointed English teacher, Mr John Keating. He is conveyed as an inspirational and influential mentor to his students about independent views and living life to its fullest through his teaching of poetry. Weir uses film techniques to show these positive impacts of Keating’s teaching philosophy to be â€Å"free thinkers† on Neil Perry, a student who deals with much pressure from his father to pursue his dream of acting, and Todd Anderson, who is portrayed as a very humble, self conscious and shy character. Keating’s style of teaching; however, led to the negative impact of Charlie Dalton, who is a popular but also a rebellious character in the film. Due to Mr Keating’s philosophy in teaching, Neil’s engagement in acting and poetry expanded significantly eventually leading to his death.  Weir has used Neil Perry as the protagonist to convey a numerous amount of film techniques to display Keating’s belief in educating the boys to be â€Å"free thinkers†. Near the beginning of the film, Neil is shown to have a great amount of pressure applied on him by his father’s high standards so that he graduates from Welton to become a doctor. â€Å"We expect big things from you this year.† â€Å"Don’t worry, he won’t disappoint.† This is said by Mr Nolan, the school headmaster, followed by Neil’s father, Mr Perry, and demonstrates the compression put upon Neil to succeed. This  scene shows a number of close up angles and high angles of Neil to show his apprehension and sense of vulnerability to the audience. From Keating’s first few lessons about poetry and its importance in life, Neil and the other students are inspired to create the â€Å"Dead Poets Society.† This group is created from the motivation of Keating’s beliefs about poetry and expressing your feelings in a positive perspective. Long shots and eerie music are used when the boys are running through the woods to their first meeting in a small and concluded cave. This is to create a rebellious atmosphere, as it is a key theme in the film from Keating’s motives. When the students arrive at the cave, Neil is portrayed as the leader of the group, which shows his confident and friendly characteristics where he reads most of the poetry. This is demonstrated by the use of close up angles and low angles looking up at Neil to emphasise what he is saying and his power over the other students. Soon after the student’s first meeting, Keating shows the boys to look at life in a different perspective by standing on his desk. This helps Neil understand to have his own decisions in life and be a â€Å"free thinker.† â€Å"Look at it another way†. Keating says this in order for the students to have independent views in life. Low angles looking up at the students when they are on the desk are used to show the power and potential they have. Due to Mr Perry’s harsh rules and ideas on him, it caused Neil’s death because of his love for poetry and acting became too great for him where he was allowed to partake in them. This ultimately suggests that Keating’s teaching methods had a negative influence on him. Essentially, these film techniques are shown to indicate Keating’s views about poetry and expressing ones thoughts in a positive outlook, and influencing Neil even though it did lead to his death. Throughout the film, Todd Anderson’s personality and character changes significantly as a result of Keating’s ways in teaching poetry and expressing ones feelings through Weir’s film techniques. Much like Neil, Todd is immediately put under pressure from Mr Nolan when arriving at his new school on welcome day when the headmaster states, â€Å"You have big shoes to fill, Mr Anderson.† A close up angle is shown directly at Todd in order to show his lack of confidence after his brother’s success at Welton. This underlies the traits developed by Todd during the majority of film to show  his characterisation as a very self-conscious and uncertain person. This uncertainty as a person is evident when he states, â€Å"If I say something, people won’t listen.† Moreover, this quote outlines the personal difficulty and feelings Todd is experiencing because of the pressure from his new friends and school. Todd’s character changes however, where Keating’s philosophy in teaching has a very positive outlook on him. A very important turning point in Todd’s character because of this teaching occurs when Keating strongly encourages him to read a made up poem on the spot to the class about a given picture. A 360o tracking shot and fast intense music is used by Weir to show confusion to the audience of what is happening. The music and spinning of the camera becomes faster to increase the tension generated by Todd’s newly created poetry encouraged strongly Keating. From this, it is obvious that Todd’s character differs as he realises the concept of expressing ones’ thoughts from Keating about poetry due to the film techniques shown by Weir. Weir portrays Charlie Dalton as a very rebellious character through film techniques and the negative influence of Keating’s teaching methods on him. This is apparent in Keating’s first lesson of teaching poetry, where he advises the students to â€Å"rip out† the introduction to poetry section in their textbooks. As the students are confused and uneasy about this task, Charlie rips the page out immediately, with a close up angle of him to demonstrate his daring character. Keating’s teaching methods however, cause Charlie to get expelled from Welton. â€Å"Sucking the marrow out of life doesn’t mean choking on the bone.† Keating says this metaphor in order to show how being â€Å"free thinkers† does not mean pulling foolish stunts, which have consequences. Within this scene, Keating states, â€Å"There’s a time for daring and a time for caution and a wise man knows which is called for.† He expresses this to outline the imp ortance of knowing when to be unruly and when to remain in the rules. Weir uses dull lighting within the room to show the despondent and depressed. From evidence, Keating’s philosophy in teaching is shown to lead to the negative impacts on Charlie where he is expelled. The director, Peter Weir, has used many techniques throughout the film to  show Keating’s beliefs for his students to have independent views and live life to its fullest by being their sole mentor and inspiration. Keating caused Neil to open up to his identity to discover a love for acting and create the â€Å"Dead Poets Society† by being the leader in a way. Todd’s character during the film changed dramatically from self-conscious to confident in his own ability due to Keating’s theories about life where he discovered a talent in poetry. Although, apart from the positives, Charlie’s characteristics cause him get expelled because of his daring and rebellious character. Weir has explored these characters to convey their views from Keating and the film techniques of Weir help demonstrate this.

The Jet Stream - An Overview in Geography

The Jet Stream - An Overview in Geography A jet stream is defined as a current of rapidly moving air that is usually several thousand miles long and wide but is relatively thin. They are found in the upper levels of Earths atmosphere at the tropopause - the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere (see atmospheric layers). Jet streams are important because they contribute to worldwide weather patterns and as such, they help meteorologists forecast weather based on their position. In addition, they are important to air travel because flying in or out of them can reduce flight time and fuel consumption. Discovery of the Jet Stream The exact first discovery of the jet stream is debated today because it took some years for jet stream research to become mainstream around the world. The jet stream was first discovered in the 1920s by Wasaburo Ooishi, a Japanese meteorologist who used weather balloons to track upper-level winds as they ascended into the Earths atmosphere near Mount Fuji. His work significantly contributed to knowledge of these wind patterns  but was mostly confined to Japan. In 1934, knowledge of the jet stream increased when Wiley Post, an American pilot, attempted to fly solo around the world. To complete this feat, he invented a pressurized suit that would allow him to fly at high altitudes and during his practice runs, Post noticed that his ground and airspeed measurements differed, indicating that he was flying in a current of air. Despite these discoveries, the term jet stream was not officially coined until 1939 by a German meteorologist named H. Seilkopf when he used it in a research paper. From there, knowledge of the jet stream increased during World War II as pilots noticed variations in winds when flying between Europe and North America. Description and Causes of the Jet Stream Thanks to further research conducted by pilots and meteorologists, it is understood today that there are two main jet streams in the northern hemisphere. While jet streams do exist in the southern hemisphere, they are strongest between latitudes of 30 °N and 60 °N. The weaker subtropical jet stream is located closer to 30 °N. The location of these jet streams shift throughout the year however and they are said to follow the sun since they move north with warm weather and south with cold weather. Jet streams are also stronger in the winter because there is a large contrast between the colliding Arctic and tropical air masses. In the summer, the temperature difference is less extreme between the air masses and the jet stream is weaker. Jet streams typically cover long distances and can be thousands of miles long. They can be discontinuous and often meander across the atmosphere but they all flow east at a rapid speed. The meanders in the jet stream flow slower than the rest of the air and are called Rossby Waves. They move slower because they are caused by the Coriolis Effect and turn west in respect to the flow of air they are embedded in. As a result, it slows the eastward movement of the air when there is a significant amount of meandering in the flow. Specifically, the jet stream is caused by the meeting of air masses just under the tropopause where winds are the strongest. When two air masses of different densities meet here, the pressure created by the different densities causes winds to increase. As these winds attempt to flow from the warm area in the nearby stratosphere down into the cooler troposphere they are deflected by the Coriolis Effect and flow along the boundaries of the original two air masses. The results are the polar and subtropical jet streams that form around the world. Importance of the Jet Stream In terms of commercial usage, the jet stream is important for the airline industry. Its use began in 1952 with a Pan Am flight from Tokyo, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii. By flying well within the jet stream at 25,000 feet (7,600 meters), the flight time was reduced from 18 hours to 11.5 hours. The reduced flight time and aid of the strong winds also allowed for a reduction in fuel consumption. Since this flight, the airline industry has consistently used the jet stream for its flights. One of the most important impacts of the jet stream though is the weather it brings. Because it is a strong current of rapidly moving air, it has the ability to push weather patterns around the world. As a result, most weather systems do not just sit over an area, but they are instead moved forward with the jet stream. The position and strength of the jet stream then helps meteorologists forecast future weather events. In addition, various climatic factors can cause the jet stream to shift and dramatically change an areas weather patterns. For instance, during the last glaciation in North America, the polar jet stream was deflected south because the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which was 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) thick created its own weather and deflected it south. As a result, the normally dry Great Basin area of the United States experienced a significant increase in precipitation and large pluvial lakes formed over the area. The world’s jet streams are also impacted by El Nino and La Nina. During El Nino for example, precipitation usually increases in California because the polar jet stream moves farther south and brings more storms with it. Conversely, during La Nina events, California dries out and precipitation moves into the Pacific Northwest because the polar jet stream moves more north. In addition, precipitation often increases in Europe because the jet stream is stronger in the Northern Atlantic and is capable of pushing it farther east. Today, movement of the jet stream north has been detected indicating possible changes in climate. Whatever the position of the jet stream, though, it has a significant impact on the worlds weather patterns and severe weather events like floods and droughts. It is, therefore essential that meteorologists and other scientists understand as much as possible about the jet stream and continue to track its movement, to in turn monitor such weather around the world.

Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essays

Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essays Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essay Analysis of the Russian Telecommunication Industry at the Case of Mts Essay Course: Contemporary Strategic Analysis (fall 2011) Analysis of the Russian telecommunication industry the case of MTS 1. - Speculate on the distinctive features of the telecom industry and define their effect on the company strategy. Historical background To start with, the telecommunication industry for a long time seen as a provider of public goods, next to post service and railway, also involves heavy investments at a steady but relatively small cashflow income. Hence, it was seen that economics of scale are need to lead such a business successfully. Historically this industry was highly regulated in form of monopolistic companies owned by the government. According to Fransmann (2011) in the days of the Old Telecoms Industry the conventional wisdom was that telecoms was an example of ‘natural monopoly’, that is due to increasing returns to scale telecoms services could only be provided efficiently by a monopoly provider. Accordingly, in most industrialized countries was dominated by a monopoly network operator. The situation could be described as closed innovation system, very high entry barriers (in fact impossible to enter), very few innovators, fragmented knowledge base, medium-powered incentives, Slow, sequential, innovation process. Because of missing competition the price-quality relationship of telecom services in most countries was a disaster and companies still didn’t manage to operate profitably. This was the case in almost all countries before the 1980 and 90’s when liberalization made it possible for private â€Å"high-tech† players to enter the market when in the mid-1980s, for different political-economic reasons, Japan, the UK and US decided to end the monopolies of their monopoly network operators. The result was the birth of the original new entrants. The new era From the late-1990s, it was clear that a qualitative change had occurred in the Telecoms Industry in the early-1990s, signifying the birth of the New Telecoms Industry. The most evident sign of qualitative change was the rise of the new new entrants who quickly eclipsed the original new entrants and became the biggest threat to state enterprises. For the new entrants fast growth was needed in order to have economics of scale and cost-efficiency to pay back loans for investments and satisfy shareholders (Fransmann, 2011). With such low technological barriers to entry, the result has been a highly competitive market for network services. However, the contribution of specialist technology suppliers was not confined to the supply of technology. A significant bottleneck is the factor of human resources provided through the operations of the labor market to both the original new entrants and new ones. Moreover, financial markets have a big influence as they, firstly, facilitate the entry and initial growth of new entrants, in particular the new entrants and, secondly, facilitate the ‘re-shuffling of the capital stock’ that has taken place as both network operators and specialist technology suppliers with highly valued shares have used their valuable ‘paper’ (shares) to acquire the complementary knowledge and tangible assets of other companies. By so doing, financial markets have facilitated the process of consolidation in the Telecoms Industry The telecommunications industry nowadays provides a number of services such as data, voice services, graphics, television, and video at increasing speeds and through diverse channels. While landline telephonic communication is still the core service mode, wireless communication, internet, cable and satellite program distribution are increasing their share in overall industry earnings. The industry is experiencing rapid deregulation and technology disruption in service offerings. In many markets across the globe, governments are revoking monopolistic policies, and older players face a new breed of competitors. According to Gupter (2008) The market of this industry includes residential customers, small businesses, and big corporate customers. In the residential customers market, competitors rely heavily on price to increase their customer base. Success depends on branding, reputation, and investment in agile order management and billing solutions. The corporate market has different characteristics as compared to residential customers. Big corporate customers are ready to pay premium for the quality and reliability of their voice services and data delivery. They are less price-sensitive when special services like virtual private network, data security, and videoconferencing come into picture. Telecom operators also provide network connectivity services to other companies that need it. The players with far-reaching networks lend circuits to heavy network users like large corporations and internet services providers (Gupter, 2008). Porter’s five forces analysis In order to analyze the industry we can take Porter’s model and look at the five forces which dominate circumstances. Firstly, looking at the rivalry within the market, we can say that from the former monopolistic industry, as described before, the situation went to fierce competition with high price pressure in most markets. Moreover, technologies are changing very fast and, hence, operators need to constantly adapt and to investment into RD. In addition, there are quite high exit barriers as companies have a lot of technical investments which usually cannot be devested without considerable losses. To sum it up, we can say that this industry compresses a highly competitive and difficult environment. When looking at possible substitutes, we can find that the internet makes a huge competition for classical telecom providers. Especially free-internet call services like Skype offer a very good alternative. Anyway, right now there is no real 100% substitute possibility for mobile phone services which could offer the same satisfaction of needs at reasonable cost. Hence, we can conclude that there is only little till medium competition for telecom providers at the very moment. Speaking of suppliers’ power we can conclude that main actors are technology companies selling equipment plus governmental agencies giving licensees which is done usually only once this is not a constant pressure on telecom enterprises. Moreover, we can state that there is a vast number of technology suppliers which decreases their power. On the other hand, the power of buyers strongly increased during the last years as their choice of providers, fighting each other, grew a lot. In some segments or markets customer power can be lower because of less competition (e. g. France, Germany) whereas in other markets it is huge (e. g. Austria, Estonia). To conclude, we can say that the overall situation in the industry is challenging for telecom providers but, nevertheless, many people keep saying that competition is good for business. One approach to deal with these tricky circumstances within the industry is an extensive expansion strategy, which is discussed consequently by the case of MTS. 2. - Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the company strategy in Russia and in CIS; think of possible ways of improving it. MTS nowadays is the number telecommunication player in the CIS. During 1993-2001, MTS was developing on the domestic market, increasing its coverage area by regional expansion within Russia. In 2002-2004 the company started its internationalization by expanding to neighboring CIS countries and has used a very aggressive strategy driven by mergers and acquisitions. Starting from its home market, Russia, the operator firstly entered Belarus and, consequently, Ukraine by acquiring and development a big local player. Entering new markets According to Lisitsyn (2008), for any company in the mobile communication sector, entering new markets to extend its network largely through the usage of existing infrastructure in the country of destination. From that point of view, the higher the level of its technological development the more attractive is the target market. This factor also strongly favors acquisitions of existing companies, which operate on the local mobile communications market and have their own infrastructure and subscriber base. In addition to that, a regulatory factor is rather important for mobile communications sector as the state quite often tries to protect it from foreign operators. In general, a combination of technological and regulatory considerations largely predetermines foreign market entry mode for the companies in the sector. Entry modes for MTS were predetermined by technological and regulatory considerations. As for target markets, they largely resulted from historical and cultural traditions, common infrastructure network, similar business practices, and development of re-integration process within the framework of the CIS. As the company started its internationalization already in 2002 by entering several markets in the region, it could gradually increase its experience and build up competence and use its knowledge and existing positions as â€Å"the platform† for future expansion to other CIS countries. Due to various types of similarities between Russia and its neighbors MTS may better understand market environment in the region in comparison with Western counterparts, and therefore use this understanding as its competitive advantage. At the same time, the main threats would most probably come not from national telecom service suppliers, but from large Western telecoms with huge financial recourses. Regarding regulatory issues, it is necessary to mention that without the political will of the national authorities MTS could not get access to their privatization processes. In addition to that, due to the high level of monopolization in most of the countries under review, in order to be successful MTS should establish a good relationship with local anti-monopoly agencies. MTS positions itself as an international company and the leading mobile service provider in Russia and the CIS countries. Hence, in three cases (out of four) it entered foreign countries by purchasing the most successful national mobile companies with prominent market shares. Only in Belarus it partly made greenfield investments and then the company did its best to gain the leading position in the local telecom sector. Drawbacks of the acquisition strategy In order to discuss the disadvantages of MTS’ growth strategy we firstly need to sum up its pluses. As discussed before the advantages of external growth, in our case acquisition of already existing telecom firm in new markets, the growth is not limited by internal resources. This means that the company does not need to invest in building up new infrastructure, getting state licenses and creating a first customer base. Moreover, there is not such an extensive pressure on the working capital for such initial investments– instead the firm just acquires another full-functional company which can be seen in the balance sheets and increases the enterprise value. Another point it, that it may reduce the number of competitors on the market. The acquisition can include the managerial skills, customers, goodwill, patents, and other intangible assets of the acquired business. Also, there may be tax and accounting elements which could be available. Added economies of scale may result from the elimination of duplication in facilities, management personnel, purchasing practices, and improved utilization of fixed assets. Nevertheless, the strategy of growth through acquisition has also its drawbacks. This includes that the company also acquire assets specific to the business, meaning that MTS had to acquire the whole target in one piece even if some business units or assets were completely useless and difficult to resell again. Another point is that there might be creditors or minority shareholders of an acquired business. In the case of MTS there are other shareholder in Georgia, Kirgizstan and Armenia, holding each between 25 and 49 percent of the local company’s stock. Such shareholders not only absorb profits but also can bring in their personal interests which might conflict with the group’s expansion strategy. Moreover, in the course of such an MA expansion strategy the company must go through costly negotiations and the problems of corporate valuation. This risk especially applies to MTS’ situation as it is assumed that the operator paid too much for some of its assets acquired. Prices of stakes are usually not evaluated on an asset-based approach but on the basis of discounted future cashflows. Since this take a look in the future and estimate such cashflows is an impossible task, such evaluations are based on assumptions and personal expectations. Recent outlooks – new product markets entry As MTS managed to capture a huge market within the CIS region, they now focus on extending their business field in those markets. By doing so, they again use the MA strategy by building partnerships and closing mergers with expert companies in order to avoid unnecessary investments in RD and infrastructure which can increase entry barriers which may discourage new competition. According to Andrey Dubovskov, the new MTS Groups’ President and CEO (since 2011), the company the merger with Comstar, the leading fixed broadband and cable television provider in Russia, allowed the company to enter the promising fixed line market. Given the low levels of Internet penetration and positive socio-economic factors, as well as the strong brand and large subscriber base of MTS, they believe in a good chance of capturing significant growth in this market. Following the completion of the merger and the integration of Comstar’s operations, wants to offer their customers a wide range of convergent products with quality customer care. On the operational level, the merger will allow MTS to realize hundreds of millions USD in synergies as they cut on SGA and infrastructure-related expenses. As Andrey Dubovskov says, further mergers are planned to expand in other business of such kind. Conclusions According to Lisitsyn (2008), the growth could be explained by two main reasons: An urgent need for modern communication tools on the one hand, and aggressive marketing campaigns of mobile service providers on the other hand. Of course this kind of aggressive expansion strategy could only be achieved by huge capital investments. This capability is bound to a strong and big home-market (Russian Federation) as well as a big and financially solid owner (Sistema). As those factors are fulfilled MTS’ business expansion and growth strategy is absolutely successful. There were some drawbacks mentioned before among which the problem of corporate evaluation plays an essential role. It can be assumed that MTS paid too high prices for some of its acquisition as expectations at the time of transaction were too optimistic. Anyway, capturing a top market position in markets with high potential growth, at least in the long-term perspective (even Ukraine will recover and become a solid economy one day) will pay off. An alternative and more conservative way of growing would have been to use its own experience in terms of technology and marketing by going for the slower â€Å"green-field† approach and fighting local players directly. This sounds good in theory, but as mentioned before the market conditions in CIS are affected by protectionism, entry-barriers and corruption. Hence, to acquire an already existing successful player avoids a lot of troubles. References Gupta, Aman; BPTrends: ‘Pursuit of the Perfect Order: Telecommunications Industry Perspectives’, November 2008 * Fransman, Martin; Telecoms Policy Magazine: Mapping The Evolving Telecoms Industry: The Uses And Shortcomings of The Layer Model, 2011 * Business Monitor International; Canada Telecommunications Report: Regulatory Environment Industry Developments, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), 2010 * Dubovskov, Andrey; Financial times: Company interview: MTS Group (MBT); 2011 * Lisi tsyn et. l, Journal of East-West Business: ‘Russian Telecommunication Company MTS Goes to the CIS’, 2008 * Huyghebaert, Nancy; Universiteit Leuven Academic papers: Determinants of Growth through Mergers and Acquisitions An Empirical Analysis, 2008

Theory-to-Practice Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory-to-Practice Paper - Essay Example The project is very successful, because the staffs continuously strive towards achieving goals. The organization effectively applies the motivation techniques and also the motivation theories. The motivation techniques that enhance the performance of the workers include; job design, rewards, employee participation, and good quality of work life. The motivation theory that is effectively applied at the project’s work environment is the Herzberg’s motivation theories. One of the key internship objective involved understanding how the motivational techniques and theories is applicable at the work place. Art Shanty Project has adopted appropriate measures to improve performance, career advancement, and loyalty of the employees. One key technique is job design. The organization has adequately embraced job simplification, through the adoption of modern and superior technology at during production processes. The technical staffs are only required to key in instructions in the computerized system, and the production process will proceed automatically. The organization also gives appropriate rewards to the employees who succeed at the workplace. The intrinsic and extrinsic rewards increased staff morale and loyalty. The extrinsic rewards offered to high achieving staffs of the organization include compliments and financial bonus depending on profitability levels. Intrinsic rewards applicable at the project involve autonomy. The key staffs in management, marketing and innovation are given the opportunity to formulate their decisions and implement them (Hackman 451). The project values staff participation at the work place. Participation is effective due to the adoption of the quality control circles. The circles involve a team of employees who work together to address work related challenges like minimizing costs, improving production processes, and improve quality. The quality control circles also involve the students on internship and thus they are able to

Organ Donation, Presumed Consent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organ Donation, Presumed Consent - Essay Example CONCEPT: Before arguing along the different spectrums, it is imperative first to understand the concept of organ donation in general and the new presumed consent argument in particular. Organ donation, as widely understood, is the endowment of the human organs to the needy, sometimes after the person’s death and sometimes during one’s lifetime. Organ donation has many different laws and practices all around the world. One of themes the opt in system which states that until the person has not agreed to donate his or her organs after his or her lifetime, their stance on the donation shall be considered negative. They do not want to donate their organs, but the one which has instigated the controversy, and which shall be argued in this paper, is the concept of presumed consent. This concept states that if a person has not specifically opted out during his or her lifetime, then he or she is presumed to support organ donation and would be willing to donate his or her organs after his or her death. ARGUMENT: People who voice in favour of the argument state that the world needs to broaden its canvas when it wants to paint a picture of human safety and security. They are of the view that if the holistic approach is taken and the concept of presumed consent is enforced, it will do more of a good to society than bad. Arthur Caplan, who is a professor of bioethics at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine, suggests that there are hundreds of thousands of people dying because of inability of organs in America alone, which is blessed country in terms of resources (Caplain et al, 2009). The situation in some of the other parts of the world is even more severe. Thus, for the greater good and the betterment of the humanity, the concept of presumed concept should be enforced in its totality. However, what these people fail to understand that every person born in this world is a completely free individual (Orend, 2002). He has the freedom of speech, the freedom of belief, the freedom of actions and likewise, the freedom of donating the organ or not. The rational that greater good or the betterment of the humanity is better than individual choices is week because there is no standard to judge the good or bad for the humanity and the actions or laws that will be justified for the greater good. If today, presumed consent is better for the society, then tomorrow, organ donation during a person’s lifetime can be taken as presumed consent, for the greater good. There can be no limit for the canvas of the greater good and the resulting actions. Thus, it is impossible for a standardized version of actions can be developed which fall in the sphere of the greater good. To put it straightforwardly, this concept of the presumed consent is a violation of human rights. People argue that generally, the people have altruistic nature and when given a choice, they will prefer to donate their organs after their death. According to Elaine Berg, the president and chief executive officer of the New York Organ Donor Network, in a majority of the surveys conducted in the U.S., nearly ninety percent people opted for donating their organs. Thus, the argument is strengthened and the presumed consent practise is viable and in accordance with the intrinsic altruistic nature of the human beings. This has been further